King James II STEWART, of Scotland

Other Events:

• FamilySearch ID: GXPM-CNR

Other Events:

• Clan: ; Clan of Stewart
• FamilySearch ID: LZ6T-WZ8
• Name: James STEWART
• MilitaryService: Between 1406 and 1424; imprisoned in the Tower of London for 18 years.
• JAMES CAPTURED BY THE ENGLISH: 22 Mar 1406, English Channel, At Sea; Wanting him out of reach of his brother Robert, Duke of Albany, King Robert III sent his only remaining son James to safety in France, Unfortunately James was intercepted by the English and taken hostage by King Henry IV.
• TitleOfNobility: 1424; Knighthood
• Coronation: 24 May 1424, Scone, Perthshire, Scotland; King of Scotland
• Occupation: 1426, Midlothian, Scotland; Governor / Keeper of Edinburgh Castle
• Occupation: Bef Apr 1435; Master of the King's Household - James I of Scotland
• MilitaryService: 21 Feb 1437, Perthshire, Scotland; murdered by his uncle Walter, Earl of Athol, at Friars Preachers Monastery

Notes:

James I Stewart, King of Scotland was born on 25 July 1394 at Dunfermline Palace, Dunfermline, Fife, ScotlandG.1 He was the son of Robert III Stewart, King of Scotland and Annabel Drummond.2 He married Lady Joan Beaufort, daughter of John de Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset and Lady Margaret de Holand, on 2 February 1423/24 at Priory Church, St. Mary Overy, Southwark, London, EnglandG.1 He died on 21 February 1436/37 at age 42 at Monastry of the Friars Preachers, Perth, Perthshire, ScotlandG, murdered by his uncle, Walter Stuart, Earl of Atholl.3 He was buried at Perth, Perthshire, ScotlandG.3
He was created Earl of Carrick on 10 December 1404, although never designated as such.1 He was created Duke of Rothesay on 10 December 1404, although never designated as such.1 In 1406 he was taken prisoner by the English while sailing to France shortly before the death of his father. He was held for ransom, mainly in the Tower of London, until 5 April 1424. During his exile, Scotland has been governened by his uncle Robert, the Duke of Albany until his death (1420) and then by Robert's son, Murdoch. On the 25th May, 1425, James had his revenge when he executed Murdoch and two of his kinsmen outside Stirling Castle. He succeeded as the King James I of Scotland on 4 April 1406.1 He was crowned King of Scotland on 2 May 1424 at Scone Abbey, Scone, Perthshire, ScotlandG.1
Children of James I Stewart, King of Scotland and Lady Joan Beaufort

Margaret Stewart b. c 25 Dec 1424, d. 16 Aug 1444
Isabella Stewart+4 b. bt 1425 - 1427, d. 1494
Mary Stewart, Countess of Buchan5 b. a 1427, d. 20 Mar 1465
Eleanor Stewart b. 26 Oct 1427, d. 20 Nov 1480
Joan Stewart+6 b. c 1428, d. a 16 Oct 1486
Annabella Stewart+4 b. a 1428
James II Stewart, King of Scotland+ b. 16 Oct 1430, d. 3 Aug 1460
Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay b. 16 Oct 1430, d. 1430
Citations

[S11] Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy (London, U.K.: The Bodley Head, 1999), page 230. Hereinafter cited as Britain's Royal Families.
[S323] Sir James Balfour Paul, The Scots Peerage: founded on Wood's edition of Sir Robert Douglas's The Peerage of Scotland (Edinburgh, Scotland: David Douglas,

Scottish monarch. Son of Robert III and Annabella Drummond. He reigned 1406-1437, though from 1406 til 1424, he was imprisoned by the English. When his father sent him away as a child for his own protection, he was captured by the English and held in the Tower of London for 18 years. During his imprisonment, he fell in love with Joan Beaufort, and the two were married on February 2, 1424 in Southwark. They had 8 children together. James returned to Scotland to find his country in chaos. He was formally crowned on May 21, 1424 at Scone. He took immediate action to regain his authority and control, including executing the Albany family, his fiercest opponents. He ruled with a firm hand, achieving numerous legal and financial reforms, including remodeling the Scottish parliament after its English counterpart, and renewing the Auld Alliance with France. His actions, although very effective, upset many, namely the descendents of his grandfather, Robert II's second marriage (James was descended from the first marriage). Conflict arose between the two factions over who should be on the throne. The problems came to a head when James was murdered by his uncle Walter, Earl of Athol, at Friars Preachers Monastery in Perth. The king was 42. James was a handsome, accomplished man, being a poet, singer, and musician as well as a talented athlete, excelling at shotput and hammer throw.

James Stewart, the Black Knight of Lorn (m. 1439? 1445), James I of Scotland (m. 1424) Spouse of Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scots.

geni.com
James Stewart, I
Also Known As: "James l King of Scotland", "Seumas I Sti?bhairt", "Seumas I mac Roibairt", "Ard Righ Albainn", "Jacobus [Primus]", "Rex Scotiae", "Jacobum regem", "Rey James I de Escocia", "James I of Scotland", ""Black Knight of Lorn"", "King James I of Scotland", "The Black Knight"
Birthdate: July 25, 1394
Birthplace: Dunfermline Palace, Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland
Death: February 21, 1437 (42)
Monastery of the Friars Preachers, Perth, Perthshire, Scotland (Assassinated )
Place of Burial: Perth Abbey, Perth, Perth and Kinross, Scotland
Immediate Family:
Son of Robert III, King of Scots and Annabella Drummond, Queen Consort of Scots
Husband of Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scots
Father of Margaret of Scotland, Dauphine de France; Isabella of Scotland, Duchess of Brittany; Eleanor Stewart; Joan of Scotland, Countess of Morton; Mary Stewart, Countess of Buchan; Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay; James II, king of Scots and Annabella of Scotland ? less
Brother of Margaret Stewart, Lady of Galloway; David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay; Elizabeth Stewart, Princess of Scotland; Mary of Scotland, Countess of Angus; Robert Stewart, Prince of Scotland and 1 other
Half brother of Sir John Stewart, of Blackhall & Ardgowan and James Stewart of Killbride


Occupation: King of Scots, 35th King of Scots, King of Scotland

Scottish monarch. Son of Robert III and Annabella Drummond. He reigned 1406-1437, though from 1406 til 1424, he was king in name only. When his father sent him away as a child for his own protection, he was captured by the English and held in the Tower of London for 18 years. During his imprisonment, he fell in love with Joan Beaufort, and the two were married on February 2, 1424 in Southwark. They had 8 children together. James returned to Scotland to find his country in chaos. He was formally crowned on May 21, 1424 at Scone. He took immediate action to regain his authority and control, including executing the Albany family, his fiercest opponents. He ruled with a firm hand, achieving numerous legal and financial reforms, including remodeling the Scottish parliament after its English counterpart, and renewing the Auld Alliance with France. His actions, although very effective, upset many, namely the descendents of his grandfather, Robert II's second marriage (James was descended from the first marriage). Conflict arose between the two factions over who should be on the throne. The problems came to a head when James was murdered by his uncle Walter, Earl of Athol, at Friars Preachers Monastery in Perth. The king was 42. James was a handsome, accomplished man, being a poet, singer, and musician as well as a talented athlete, excelling at shotput and hammer throw.

James married Joan BEAUFORT, Queen Consort of Scotland on 2 Feb 1424 in St. Mary, Overy, Southwark, Surrey, London, England. Joan (daughter of John DE BEAUFORT, 1st Earl of Somerset and Margaret HOLLAND, Duchess of Clarence) was born on 27 Dec 1407 in Palace of Westminster, Westminster, Middlesex, England; died on 15 Jul 1445 in Dunbar Castle, Dunbar, Haddingtonshire, Scotland; was buried on 22 Nov 1445 in Carthusian Monastery, Perth, Perthshire, Scotland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events:

• FamilySearch ID: M72D-PDF
• Name: Joan BEAUFORT
• TitleOfNobility: Between 1424 and 1437, Scotland; Queen of Scotland
• Assassination attempt: 21 Feb 1437, Perth, Scotland; survived assassination attempt that killed James I
• Residence: 3 Aug 1439, Stirling, Aberdeenshire, Scotland; Imprisoned in Stirling Castle

Other Events:

• FamilySearch ID: LZ86-T6V
• Name: John Stewart, Earl of Carrick
• Name: Robert STEWART
• Crowned King: 14 Aug 1390, Old Scone, Perthshire, Scotland
• JAMES CAPTURED BY THE ENGLISH: 22 Mar 1406, English Channel, At Sea; Wanting him out of reach of his brother Robert, Duke of Albany, King Robert III sent his only remaining son James to safety in France, Unfortunately James was intercepted by the English and taken hostage by King Henry IV.

Notes:

Name: Born John Stewart, regnal name - Robert III, King of Scots
Father: Robert II, King of Scotland
Mother: Elizabeth Mure

King of Scotts (19 April 1390 ? 4 April 1406)
Earl of Atholl (1367 ? 1390)
Earl of Carrick (1368 ? 5 March 1390)
High Steward of Scotland (c. 1371? 1390)
Guardian of Scotland (1384 ? 1388)

House of: Stewart
Born: 1337
Ascended to the throne: April 19, 1390
Crowned: August 14, 1390 at Scone Abbey, Perthshire
Married: Annabella Drummond, 1366/7
Children: 3 sons and 4 daughters
Died: April 4, 1406, at Dundonald Castle, Ayrshire
Buried at: Paisley Abbey, Renfrewshire
Succeeded by: his son James I

Son of Robert II he was timid, retiring and badly injured following a kick from a horse. He took the name Robert because his name John was considered a bad omen after the hated John Balliol

He told his Queen that he was 'the worst of kings and most miserable of men'. The reign was beset by problems including rivalry between the Highlanders, his brothers and the lords of the isles. His brother Robert Duke of Albany may have been responsible for the death of Robert III's son David.

In 1402 the forces of Henry IV of England invaded the lowlands and following two defeats of the Scots briefly occupied Edinburgh. Robert sent his 10 year old 2nd son James to France in 1406 for safety but he was captured at sea during the journey and taken prisoner by the English. The news of his son's capture was said to have hastened the death of Robert who died shortly afterwards.
Timeline for King Robert III of Scotland
YearEvent
1390Robert III becomes king. He delegates power to his younger brother, the Earl of Fife, later the Duke of Albany
1402English defeat Scots in the Battle of Nesbit Moor and the Battle of Humbleton Hill.
1406Robert is disabled in a riding accident and his eldest son is killed possibly by the Duke of Albany.
1406Robert sends his second son to James to France but he is captured by English near Flamborough Head. James is taken to London, where Henry IV of England confines him in the Tower of London for 18 years.
1406King Robert III dies and James I ascends the throne but is not crowned until 1424 as he is a prisoner of the English.

https://www.britroyals.com/scots.asp?id=robert3

Robert married Annabella DRUMMOND, Queen of Scotland on 13 Mar 1365 in Dispensation, Kyle, Ayrshire, Scotland. Annabella (daughter of Sir John DRUMMOND and Mary Margaret MONTIFEX, Countess of Lennox) was born on 14 Aug 1350 in Scone, Cargill, Perthshire, Scotland; was christened in 1350 in Drymen, Stirlingshire, Scotland; died in Oct 1401 in Scone Palace, Perthshire, Scotland; was buried in Oct 1401 in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events:

• FamilySearch ID: LZPK-KKT
• TitleOfNobility: ; Queen of Scotland
• Name: Annabella DRUMMOND
• Religion: ; Roman Catholic
• Residence: Scottish Monarch
• Political Coup: 1399, Scotland; She organized a palace coup. Made elder son a duke (first in Scotish history) and appoin

Notes:

Anabella Drummond (c. 1350? 1401) was the queen consort of Scotland by marriage to Robert III of Scotland. She was the daughter of Sir John Drummond, of Stobhall, near Perth, 11th Thane of Lennox and Chief of Clan Drummond, and Mary Montifex, eldest daughter and co-heiress of Sir William de Montifex, Justiciar of Scotland. It has been erroneous postulated that her father was the same John Drummond that was a brother to Margaret Drummond, Queen of Scotland but as this does not align with any historical dates, the latter John was probably a close ancestor.
She married John Stewart (the future Robert III of Scotland) in 1367. Soon, she was enveloped in a power struggle with her husband's brother, Robert. Since Anabella and John did have two daughters, but no sons for several years, he was a supporter of a law that would bar women from inheriting the throne.

Queen
Anabella was crowned with Robert at Scone Palace when he came to the throne in 1390. She continued bearing children until she was past forty and had her last child, the future James I of Scotland, in 1394.

King Robert, an invalid since 1384 due to an accident with a horse, grew increasingly despondent and incompetent throughout his reign and was not capable to govern. During this time he is said to have said to her that he should be buried in a dung heap with the epitaph "Here lies the worst of kings and the most miserable of men".

Because the king was not able to rule, Anabella was prompted to manage state affairs as de facto ruler. The chronicles of Scotland generally praise queen Anabella and her conduct as queen. Protecting the interests of her oldest son, David, she arranged a great tournament in 1398 in Edinburgh, where her oldest son was knighted. In April of that year she also called a council where he was created Duke of Rothesay and Lieutenant of the Realm in the same year. Shortly after his mother's death he would be imprisoned by his uncle and died in mysterious circumstances. David was described as debauched, self-indulgent and erratic, and the Duke of Albany did not have to fight hard to control him.

The Fife burgh of Inverkeithing was a favorite residence of the queen. Her presence is still recalled in the sandstone font, decorated with angels and heraldry, which she presented to the parish church of the town, one of Scotland's finest surviving pieces of late medieval sculpture.

Anabella died in Scone Palace in October 1401, and was buried at her birthplace of Dunfermline. With the loss of her protection, her eldest son David would become the prey of his uncle, Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany, dying shortly after

Other Events:

• FamilySearch ID: 9HTZ-YQ8
• MilitaryService: ; Captain of Calais
• Royal House: ; Plantagenet
• MilitaryService: 1397; Lord High Admiral of England
• Occupation: 1397, Dover, Kent, England; Constable of Dover Castle
• Title (Nobility): 10 Feb 1397; 1st Earl of Somerset

Notes:

The Life Summary of John
When John Beaufort 1st Earl of Somerset was born on 29 January 1371, in Kettlethorpe, Lincolnshire, England, his father, John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster, was 30 and his mother, Katherine de Roet Duchess of Lancaster, was 20. He had at least 3 sons and 2 daughters with Margaret Holland Duchess of Clarence. He registered for military service in 1397. In 1404, at the age of 33, his occupation is listed as lord high constable of England. He died on 16 March 1410, in London, England, at the age of 39, and was buried in Canterbury Cathedral, Canterbury, Kent, England.

John Beaufort, 1st Marquess of Somerset and 1st Marquess of Dorset, later only 1st Earl of Somerset, KG (c. 1373-16 March 1410) was an English nobleman and politician. He was the first of the four children of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, and his mistress Katherine Swynford, whom he married in 1396. Beaufort's surname probably reflects his father's lordship of Beaufort in Champagne, France.

The Beaufort children were declared legitimate twice by parliament during the reign of King Richard II of England, in 1390 and 1397, as well as by Pope Boniface IX in September 1396. Even though they were the grandchildren of Edward III and next in the line of succession after their father's legitimate children by his first two wives, the Beauforts were barred from succession to the throne by their half-brother Henry IV.

Early life
Between May and September 1390, Beaufort saw military service in North Africa in the Barbary Crusade led by Louis II, Duke of Bourbon. In 1394, he was in Lithuania serving with the Teutonic Knights.

John was created Earl of Somerset on 10 February 1397, just a few days after the legitimation of the Beaufort children was recognized by Parliament. The same month, he was also appointed Admiral of the Irish fleet, as well as Constable of Dover Castle and Warden of the Cinque Ports. In May, his admiralty was extended to include the northern fleet. That summer, the new earl became one of the noblemen who helped Richard II free himself from the power of the Lords Appellant. As a reward, he was created Marquess of Somerset and Marquess of Dorset on 29 September, and sometime later that year he was made a Knight of the Garter and appointed Lieutenant of Aquitaine. In addition, two days before his elevation as a Marquess he married the king's niece, Margaret Holland, sister of Thomas Holland, 1st Duke of Surrey, another of the counter-appellants. John remained in the king's favour even after his older half-brother Henry Bolingbroke (later Henry IV) was banished from England in 1398.

Later career
After Richard II was deposed by Henry Bolingbroke in 1399, the new king rescinded the titles that had been given to the counter-appellants, and thus John Beaufort became merely Earl of Somerset again. Nevertheless, he proved loyal to his half-brother's reign, serving in various military commands and on some important diplomatic missions. It was Beaufort who was given the confiscated estates of the Welsh rebel leader Owain Glyndwr in 1400, although he would not have been able to take possession of these estates unless he had lived until after 1415. In 1404, he was named Constable of England.

Family
John Beaufort and his wife Margaret Holland, the daughter of Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent and Alice FitzAlan, had six children. His granddaughter Lady Margaret Beaufort married Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, the son of Dowager Queen Catherine of Valois by Owen Tudor.

Somerset died in the Hospital of St Katharine's by the Tower. He was buried in St Michael's Chapel in Canterbury Cathedral.

His children included the following:

1.) Henry Beaufort, 2nd Earl of Somerset (1401-25 November 1418)

2.) John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset (baptized 25 March 1404-27 May 1444), father of Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby, grandfather of King Henry VII of England

2.) Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scotland (1404-15 July 1445) married James I, King of Scots.

5.) Thomas Beaufort, Count of Perche (1405-3 October 1431)

6) Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset (1406-22 May 1455)

7.) Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Devon (1409-1449) married Thomas de Courtenay, 13th Earl of Devon.

Titles, styles, honours and arms
Arms
As a legitimated grandson of the sovereign, Beaufort bore the arms of the kingdom, differenced by a bordure gobony argent and azure.

The family emblem featuring the portcullis was shown on the reverse of British pennies minted between 1971 and 2008.

According to genealogists, a few of Beaufort's notable descendants include British actor Benedict Cumberbatch and codebreaker Alan Turing. Coincidentally, Cumberbatch portrayed Turing in the film The Imitation Game.

John married Margaret HOLLAND, Duchess of Clarence in 1397 in England. Margaret (daughter of Thomas HOLLAND, 2nd Earl of Kent and Countess Alice FITZALAN) was born in 1385 in Upholland, Lancashire, England; died on 30 Dec 1439 in Bermondsey, Surrey, England; was buried in 1440 in Canterbury, City of Canterbury, Kent, England, United Kingdom. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events:

• FamilySearch ID: LD79-5VT
• Title (Nobility): ; Countess of Somerset
• Title (Nobility): ; Duchess of Clarence
• Name: Margaret HOLLAND

Other Events:

• Affiliation: ; House of Stewart - Founder
• FamilySearch ID: LHW6-FV7
• TitleOfNobility: ; Grandson of Robert, The Bruce, 1st Monarch of the House of Stewart, 15 issue, succeeded his uncle King David II)
• TitleOfNobility: ; King of Scotland, Guardian of Scotland, High Steward of Scotland, Earl of Atholl, Earl of Strathearn
• Name: Robert STEWART
• Name: Robert STEWART
• Religion: ; Roman Catholic
• Restored to The Line of Succession: Jul 1326, Cambuskenneth Abbey, Stirlingshire, Scotland; David Bruce became heir to the throne of Scotland upon his birth on 5 March 1324, displacing his nephew from the line of succession. However, 2 heirs are better than only one, and the death of David's twin brother John reminded everyone how fragile baby's
• DUNDONALD CASTLE: 1371, Dundonald, Ayrshire, Scotland; Robert Stewart built Dundonald Castle in 1371, probably to mark his accession to the throne as Robert II, and as a safe place for his family to live.
• Ascension to Throne: 22 Feb 1371
• TitleOfNobility: Between 22 Feb 1371 and 19 Apr 1390; 35th King of Scotland - reigned for 19 years

Notes:

Robert II (2 March 1316 ? 19 April 1390) was King of Scots from 1371 to his death in 1390. He was the first monarch of the House of Stewart as the son of Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland, and of Marjorie Bruce, daughter of the Scottish king Robert the Bruce by his first wife Isabella of Mar.

In 1336, he first married Elizabeth Mure, daughter of Sir Adam Mure of Rowallan. The marriage was criticized for being uncanonical, so he remarried her in 1349 after receiving a papal dispensation in 1347.
From this union, ten children reached adulthood:
- John, who became King of Scotland as Robert III, married Anabella Drummond.
- Walter, husband of Isabella MacDuff, Countess of Fife.
- Robert, Earl of Fife and Duke of Albany, married Margaret Graham, Countess of Menteith, and 2nd Muriella Keith.
- Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan, "The Wolf of Badenoch", married Euphemia of Ross.
- Margaret, married John of Islay, Lord of the Isles.
- Marjorie, married John Dunbar, Earl of Moray, then Sir Alexander Keith.
- Elizabeth married Thomas de la Hay, Lord High Constable of Scotland.
- Isabella, married James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas, and 2nd John Edmonstone of Edmonstone.
- Johanna (Jean), married Sir John Keith, then 2nd John Lyon, Lord of Glamis and 3rd Sir James Sandilands.
- Katherine, married Sir Robert Logan of Grugar and Restalrig, Lord High Admiral of Scotland.

In 1355, Robert married his second wife Euphemia de Ross, daughter of Hugh, Earl of Ross. They had four children:
- David Stewart, Earl of Strathearn, born about 1356 and died in 1389.
- Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl, born about 1360, beheaded at Edinburgh in 1437 for being involved in the assassination of King James I.
- Elizabeth, married in 1380 David Lindsay, 1st Earl of Crawford.
- Egidia, married William Douglas of Nithsdale.


[Information added by OldeBruce in April 2022:
Edward Bruce, younger brother of Robert the Bruce, was named heir to the throne but he died without legitimate children on 3 December 1318 in a battle near Dundalk in Ireland. Marjorie by this time had died in a riding accident ? probably in 1317. Parliament decreed her infant son, Robert Stewart, as heir presumptive, but this lapsed on 5 March 1324 on the birth of a son, David, to King Robert and his second wife, Elizabeth de Burgh. Robert Stewart inherited the title of High Steward of Scotland on his father's death on 9 April 1326, and a Parliament held in July 1326 confirmed the young Steward as heir should Prince David die without a successor. In 1329 King Robert I died and the six-year-old David succeeded to the throne with Sir Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray appointed Guardian of Scotland.

Edward Balliol, son of King John Balliol, assisted by the English and Scottish nobles disinherited by Robert I, invaded Scotland inflicting heavy defeats on the Bruce party on 11 August 1332 at Dupplin Moor and Halidon Hill on 19 July 1333. Robert fought at Halidon, where his uncle and former guardian, Sir James Stewart, was killed. Following this battle, Robert's lands in the west were given by Balliol to his supporter David Strathbogie, the titular Earl of Atholl. Robert took refuge in the fortress of Dumbarton Castle in the Clyde estuary to join his uncle, King David. In May 1334 David escaped to France leaving Robert and John Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray as joint Guardians of the kingdom. Robert succeeded in regaining his lands but following Randolph's capture by the English in July 1335, his possessions were once again targeted by the forces of Balliol and King Edward III of England. This may have persuaded Robert to submit to Balliol and the English king and may explain his removal as Guardian by September 1335. The Guardianship transferred to Sir Andrew Murray of Bothwell but following his death in 1338 Robert was re-appointed and retained the office until King David returned from France in June 1341. Robert accompanied David into battle at Neville's Cross on 17 October 1346 but he and Patrick Dunbar, Earl of March escaped or fled the field and David was taken prisoner. In October 1357, the king was ransomed for 100,000 marks to be paid in installments over ten years.

Robert joined a rebellion against David in 1363 but submitted to him following a threat to his right of succession. In 1364, David presented a proposal to Parliament that would cancel the remaining ransom debt if it was agreed that a Plantagenet heir would inherit the Scottish throne should he die without issue. This was rejected and Robert succeeded to the throne at the age of 55 following David's unexpected death in 1371. England still controlled large sectors in the Lothians and in the border country so King Robert allowed his southern earls to engage in actions in the English zones to regain their territories, halted trade with England and renewed treaties with France. By 1384, the Scots had re-taken most of the occupied lands, but following the commencement of Anglo-French peace talks, Robert was reluctant to commit Scotland to all-out war and obtained Scotland's inclusion in the peace treaty. Robert's peace strategy was a factor in the virtual coup in 1384 when he lost control of the country, first to his eldest son, John, Earl of Carrick, afterwards King Robert III, and then from 1388 to John's younger brother, Robert, Earl of Fife, afterwards the first Duke of Albany. Robert II died in Dundonald Castle in 1390 and was buried at Scone Abbey.

Heir presumptive
Robert Stewart, born in 1316, was the only child of Walter Stewart, High Steward of Scotland and King Robert I's daughter Marjorie Bruce, who died probably in 1317 following a riding accident.[1] He had the upbringing of a Gaelic noble on the Stewart lands in Bute, Clydeside, and in Renfrew.[1] In 1315 parliament removed Marjorie's right as heir to her father in favour of her uncle, Edward Bruce.[2] Edward was killed at the Battle of Faughart, near Dundalk on 14 October 1318,[3] resulting in a hastily arranged Parliament in December to enact a new entail naming Marjorie's son, Robert, as heir should the king die without a successor.[4] The birth of a son, afterwards David II, to King Robert on 5 March 1324 cancelled Robert Stewart's position as heir presumptive, but a Parliament at Cambuskenneth in July 1326 restored him in the line of succession should David die without an heir.[2] This reinstatement of his status was accompanied by the gift of lands in Argyll, Roxburghshire and the Lothians.[5]

The first war of independence began in the reign of King John Balliol.[6] His short reign was bedeviled by Edward I's insistence on his overlordship of Scotland. The Scottish leadership concluded that only war could release the country from the English king's continued weakening of Balliol's sovereignty and so finalised a treaty of reciprocal assistance with France in October 1295.[7] The Scots forayed into England in March 1296? this incursion together with the French treaty angered the English king and provoked an invasion of Scotland taking Berwick on 30 March before defeating the Scots army at Dunbar on 27 April.[8] John Balliol submitted to Edward and resigned the throne to him before being sent to London as a prisoner. Despite this, resistance to the English led by William Wallace and Andrew Moray had emerged in the name of King John Balliol.[8] On their deaths, Robert the Bruce continued to resist the English and eventually succeeded in defeating the forces of Edward II of England and gained the Scottish throne for himself.[7]

David Bruce, aged five, became king on 7 June 1329 on the death of his father Robert. Walter the Steward had died earlier on 9 April 1327,[9] and the orphaned eleven-year-old Robert was placed under the guardianship of his uncle, Sir James Stewart of Durrisdeer,[2] who along with Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray, and William Lindsey, Archdeacon of St Andrews were appointed as joint Guardians of the kingdom.[10] David's accession kindled the second independence war which threatened Robert's position as heir.[11] In 1332 Edward Balliol, son of the deposed John Balliol, spearheaded an attack on the Bruce sovereignty with the tacit support of King Edward III of England and the explicit endorsement of 'the disinherited'.[12] Edward Balliol's forces delivered heavy defeats on the Bruce supporters at Dupplin Moor on 11 August 1332 and again at Halidon Hill on 19 July 1333, at which the 17-year-old Robert participated.[10] Robert's estates were overrun by Balliol, who granted them to David Strathbogie, titular earl of Atholl, but Robert evaded capture and gained protection at Dumbarton Castle where King David was also taking refuge.[11] Very few other strongholds remained in Scottish hands in the winter of 1333? only the castles of Kildrummy (held by Christian Bruce, elder sister of Robert I and wife of Andrew Murray of Bothwell), Loch Leven, Loch Doon, and Urquhart held out against Balliol forces.[13]

Dairsie Castle where the 1335 Parliament was held
In May 1334, the situation looked dire for the house of Bruce and David II gained safety in France. Robert set about winning back his lands in the west of Scotland.

Was in command of the second division of the Scotch Army at Halidon Hill, and was one of the few who escaped the carnage of that disastrous day. See Europ?isch Stammtafeln Band II tafel 69. There is some confusion over which daughter is which and who are their mothers which still needs some clarification.

Robert II (2 March 1316 ? 19 April 1390) was King of Scots from 1371 to his death in 1390. He was the first monarch of the House of Stewart as the son of Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland, and of Marjorie Bruce, daughter of the Scottish king Robert the Bruce by his first wife Isabella of Mar.

Edward Bruce, younger brother of Robert the Bruce, was named heir presumptive but died without heirs on 3 December 1318. Marjorie Bruce had died probably in 1317 in a riding accident and parliament decreed her infant son, Robert Stewart, as heir presumptive, but this lapsed on 5 March 1324 on the birth of a son, David, to King Robert and his second wife, Elizabeth de Burgh. Robert Stewart became High Steward of Scotland on his father's death on 9 April 1327, and in the same year parliament confirmed the young Steward as heir should Prince David die without a successor. In 1329 King Robert I died and the six-year-old David succeeded to the throne under the guardianship of Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray.

Robert married Elizabeth MURE, of Rowallan in 1348 in Dundonald, Ayrshire, Scotland. Elizabeth (daughter of Sir Adam IV MURE, of Rowallan and Janet Mure of POKELLIE) was born on 2 Mar 1320 in Rowallan Castle, Kilmaurs, AYR, Scotland; died in 1354 in Dundonald Castle, Ayrshire, Scotland; was buried in Paisley Abbey, Paisley, Renfrewshire, Scotland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events:

• FamilySearch ID: L89H-F4Y
• TitleOfNobility: ; Countess of Atholl
• Name: Isabel MURE

Notes:

Elizabeth Mure was the first wife of Robert, High Steward of Scotland, and Guardian of Scotland (1338? 1341 and from October 1346), who later became King Robert II of Scotland.
Elizabeth was the daughter of Sir Adam Mure of Rowallan and his wife Janet Mure of Pokellie, she was born about 1320 at Rowallan Castle.

Elizabeth and Robert married in 1336, when Robert was not in line to inherit the crown. They did not seek permission from the Pope before marrying, therefore, their marriage was considered uncanonical. Because of this she is often considered his mistress and their children illegitimate. King David II was captured by the English in 1346 and Elizabeth's husband became Guardian of Scotland, Regent in David's absence and King of Scotland in all but name. Facing renewed scrutiny and criticism of their marriage and wanting their children to be acknowledged as legitimate, Robert applied to the Pope for a dispensation which was received 22 November 1347. Robert and Elizabeth married for a 2nd time, officially, in a church wedding, in 1349. Elizabeth and Robert were married for about about 19 years but only officially (by church standards) for about 6.

Elizabeth did not live to see her husband become King of Scotland but is believed to have died in 1354, certainly before May 1355 when Robert married for a 2nd time.

Elizabeth and Robert had the following children:
- John Stewart, Earl of Carrick who became King Robert III
- Walter Stewart, Lord of Fife
- Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany (c. 1340? 1420)
- Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan
- Margaret Stewart, married John of Islay, Lord of the Isles
- Marjorie Stewart, married firstly, John Dunbar, Earl of Moray, and secondly, Sir Alexander Keith
- Johanna (Jean) Stewart, married firstly, Sir John Keith, secondly, Sir John Lyon, and thirdly in 1384, Sir James Sandilands.
- Isabella Stewart, married firstly, James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas, and secondly, John Edmonstone of that Ilk
- Katherine Stewart, married Sir Robert Logan of Grugar and Restalrig, Lord High Admiral of Scotland
- Elizabeth Stewart, married Sir Thomas Hay, Lord High Constable of Scotland.

Other Events:

• FamilySearch ID: LR3X-YVV
• TitleOfNobility: ; 11th Chief of the House of Drummond.
• TitleOfNobility: ; Sir Knight
• Name: John McLEISH DRUMMOND

Notes:

About Sir John Drummond, 11th Chief of Lennox
Sir John Drummond, 11th of Lennox 1,2

M, #102467, b. 1318, d. 1373
Last Edited=2 Mar 2005
Sir John Drummond, 11th of Lennox was born in 1318. He was the son of Sir Malcolm Drummond, 10th Thane of Lennox and Margaret de Graham.2 He married Mary Montifex, daughter of Sir William de Montifex.2 He died in 1373.2 Sir John Drummond, 11th of Lennox lived at Strobhall, Scotland.1

Children of Sir John Drummond, 11th of Lennox and Mary Montifex

* Dougal Drummond 2
* Annabel Drummond+ b. c 1350, d. c Oct 1401
* Sir Malcolm Drummond b. 1351, d. 1403
* Margaret Drummond b. 1354
* Sir John Drummond, 12th of Lennox+ b. 1356, d. 1428
* Mary Drummond b. 1357
* William Drummond b. 1358
* Jean Drummond b. 1362
notes
From http://www.electricscotland.com/webclans/dtog/drummon2.html

The wife of John, the eldest son, was Mary, eldest daughter and co-heiress of Sir William de Montifex, with whom he got the lands of Auchterarder, Kincardine in Monteith, Cargill, and Stobhall in Perthshire.

He had four sons,

Sir Malcolm,
Sir John,
William, and
Dougal;
and three daughters -

Annabella, married, in 1357, John, Earl of Carrick, high steward of Scotland, afterwards King Robert the Third, and thus became Queen of Scotland, and the mother of David, Duke of Rothesay, starved to death in the palace of Falkland, in 1402, and of James the First, as well as of three daughters;
Margaret, married to Sir Colin Campbell of Lochow,
Jean, to Stewart of Donally, and
Mary, to Macdonald of the Isles.
Citations

G.E. Cokayne; with Vicary Gibbs, H.A. Doubleday, Geoffrey H. White, Duncan Warrand and Lord Howard de Walden, editors, The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, new ed., 13 volumes in 14 (1910-1959; reprint in 6 volumes, Gloucester, U.K.: Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000), volume I, page 155. Hereinafter cited as The Complete Peerage.
Derek Hughes, "re: 1st Lord Drummond," e-mail message from (unknown address) to Darryl Lundy, 22 December 2004, 13 February 2005 and 2 March 2005. Hereinafter cited as "re: 1st Lord Drummond".
Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 106th edition, 2 volumes (Crans, Switzerland: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 1999), volume 1, page 104. Hereinafter cited as Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 106th edition.
Links

http://www.thepeerage.com/p10247.htm#i102467
The Drummonds, according to unvarying tradition, are of Hungarian origin, Maurice, the first of that family who settled in Scotland, having come from that country in 1066 with Edgar the Atheling and Margaret, his sister, afterwards wife of King Malcolm III of Scotland. Maurice adopted the name Drummond from the Gaelic 'druim' and 'monadh', that is 'back of the mountain'. Maurice was the son of George, a younger son of Andreas, King of Hungary. Andreas could trace his ancestry to Arpad, the Magyar king who conquered Hungary (d. 907), who m. a dt. of Jaroslav, the king of Novgorod and Kiev. Jaroslav was descended from the Swedish Viking Rurik (d. 870), who became king of Novgorod. The Swedish conquerors were called the Rus, or fair-haired, from which the word 'Russia' is derived

v

John married Mary Margaret MONTIFEX, Countess of Lennox in 1347 in Fordoun, Kincardineshire, Scotland. Mary (daughter of Sir William MONTIFEX MONTEFICHET, BARON OF CARGIL, One of the signers in 1320 of the Declaration of Arbroath and Mary DE MENTEITH) was born in 1325 in Stobhall, Cargill, Perthshire, Scotland; died on 31 Jan 1375 in Perth, Perthshire, Scotland; was buried in Feb 1375 in Cargill, Perthshire, Scotland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events:

• FamilySearch ID: LRK8-G1M
• TitleOfNobility: ; Heiress of Cargill and Stobhall De Montefex
• Residence: ; Heiress of the lands of Auchterarder, Kincardine in Monteith, Cargill, and Stobhall in Perthshire

Other Events:

• FamilySearch ID: GWZX-F4D

John married Katherine DE RO?T, Duchess of Lancaster. Katherine was born in 1349 in Hainaut, Belgium; died on 10 May 1403 in Lincolnshire, England; was buried in May 1403 in Lincoln Cathedral, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events:

• FamilySearch ID: 9C7T-V6M

Other Events:

• FamilySearch ID: LBXV-7R4
• Title: ; Baron of Holland
• Occupation: ; 7th Earl of Kent (Dec 1360), 6th Lord Wake and Woodstock (Aug 1385), Marshall of England, Constable of Corfe Castle, Governor of Carisbroke Castle; K.G.
• Occupation: ; Earl of Kent
• Sir Thomas de Holland: 25 Apr 1397, Bourne, South Kesteven District, Lincolnshire, England

Notes:

Thomas Holland (also known as de Holland), 2nd Earl of Kent, 3rd Baron Holand KG (1350/1354-25 April 1397) was an English nobleman and a councillor of his half-brother, King Richard II of England.

Family and early Life
Thomas Holland (or de Holand) was born in Upholand, Lancashire, in 1350 or 1354 (sources differ on his birth year). He was the eldest surviving son of Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent, and Joan "The Fair Maid of Kent". His mother was a daughter of Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent, and Margaret Wake. Edmund was in turn a son of Edward I of England and his second Queen consort Marguerite of France, and thus a younger half-brother of Edward II of England.

His father died in 1360, and later that year, on 28 December, Thomas became Baron Holand. His mother was still Countess of Kent in her own right, and in 1361 she married Edward, the Black Prince, the son of King Edward III.

Military career
At sixteen, in 1366, Holland was appointed captain of the English forces in Aquitaine. Over the next decade he fought in various campaigns, including the Battle of N?jera, under the command of his stepfather Edward, the Black Prince. He was made a Knight of the Garter in 1375.

Richard II became king in 1377, and soon Holland acquired great influence over his younger half-brother, which he used for his own enrichment. In 1381, he succeeded as Earl of Kent.

Later years and death
Prior to his death, Holland was appointed Governor of Carisbrooke Castle. Holland died at Arundel Castle, Sussex, England on 25 April 1397.

Marriage and children
On 10 April 1364 Holland married Lady Alice FitzAlan, daughter of Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel by his wife Eleanor of Lancaster. Lady Alice was later named as a Lady of the Garter. By his wife he had three sons and six daughters. All the sons died without legitimate children, whereupon the daughters and their issue became co-heiresses to the House of Holland. The children were as follows:

Sons
1.) Thomas Holland, 3rd Earl of Kent, 1st Duke of Surrey (1374-7 January 1400), eldest son and heir, created Duke of Surrey. Died without children.

2.) Edmund Holland, 4th Earl of Kent (6 January 1384-15 September 1408), heir to his elder brother. Died without legitimate children, but had an illegitimate child by his mistress Constance of York.

3.) John Holland, died without children

Daughters
By his daughters' marriages, he became the ancestor of many of the prominent figures in the Wars of the Roses, including Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York (father of Kings Edward IV and Richard III), Henry Tudor (later King Henry VII), and Warwick the Kingmaker, father of queen consort Anne Neville. He was also an ancestor of queen consort Catherine Parr, the sixth and last wife of King Henry VIII. His daughters were as follows:

1.) Eleanor I Holland (1373-October 1405), (who bore the same first name as her younger sister, alias Alianore) married twice:
Firstly to Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March (1374-1398), heir presumptive to his mother's first cousin King Richard II (1377-1399). Her only child and sole heiress to the Mortimer claim was Anne Mortimer. Following the deposition of Richard II in 1399 by his own first cousin, the Lancastrian Henry Bolingbroke, (who ruled as King Henry IV (1399-1413), Anne Mortimer's claim to the throne of England was pursued by her son Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York (1411-1460) which drawn-out struggle formed the basis of the Wars of the Roses.
Secondly she married Edward Charleton, 5th Baron Cherleton

2.) Joan Holland (c. 1380-2 April 1434), married Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York

3.) Margaret Holland (1385-31 December 1439), married first John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, and second Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence

4.) Elizabeth Holland, who married Sir John Neville (c.1387 -before 20 May 1420), eldest son and heir of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, and by him had three sons, Ralph Neville, 2nd Earl of Westmorland, John Neville, Baron Neville, and Sir Thomas Neville, and a daughter, Margaret Neville.

5.) Eleanor II Holland (1386-after 1413), (who bore the same first name as her eldest sister, alias Alianore) married Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury

6.) Bridget Holland, who became a nun

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Holland,_2nd_Earl_of_Kent

Thomas married Countess Alice FITZALAN on 10 Apr 1364 in Arundel Castle, Sussex, England. Alice (daughter of Edmund FITZALAN and Sibyl De MONTAGU) was born about 1352 in Arundel Castle, Sussex, England; was christened in in Of Donyatt, Somersetshire, England; died on 17 Mar 1416 in Brockenhurst, Hampshire, England; was buried in Mar 1416 in Bourne, Lincolnshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events:

• FamilySearch ID: GJYK-1XD
• TitleOfNobility: Arundel Castle, Sussex, England; Countess of Kent
• Name: Alice OF ARUNDEL
• Alt. Birth: Abt 1349, Arundel, Sussex, England; Alt. Birth
• Alt. Birth: Abt 1349, Of Arundel, Sussex, England; Alt. Birth
• Title (Nobility): 1388; Lady of the Garter

Notes:

AFN: GR2S-G0