Archibald DOUGLAS, 5th Earl of Douglas

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• FamilySearch ID: LTVP-8HV

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• FamilySearch ID: GJY2-KSJ
• TitleOfNobility: ; Earl of Wigtown, Annandale, Galloway, & Bothwell
• TitleOfNobility: ; Prince of Scotland
• TitleOfNobility: ; Sir Knight
• Name: Archibald "Tyneman" DOUGLAS
• Name: Archibald DOUGLAS
• Occupation: ; Marechal of France
• MilitaryService: 14 Sep 1402, Homildon Hill, Wooler, Northumberland, England; Fought at Battle of Homildon Hill and was captured by the English, but escaped

Notes:

Archibald was the Duke of Touraine, Earl of Wigtown, Lord of Annandale, Lord of Galloway, Lord of Bothwell and the 13th Lord of Douglas. He was thus a Scottish nobleman and warlord. At times Archibald was given the nickname of Tyneman, which in the old Scottish language means loser. This may have been in reference to his great uncle Sir Archibald Douglas as well.

The Early Years
Archibald was the illegitimate son of Archibald Douglas and Joanna de Moravia of

threave-castle

Threave Castle


Bothwell. He was either born at Threave Castle or Bothwell Castle. Until Archibald's accession he was known as Master of Douglas. In 1390, when he was twenty years old he married Princess Margaret of Carrick. Margaret was the daughter of King Robert III of Scotland. It was at about this time that his father had bestowed upon him regalities of Ettrick Forest, Lauderdale and Romannobridge and Peeblesshire. Then on June 4, 1400 at the age of thirty, the King of Scotland, Robert, had appointed Archibald the keeper of Edinburgh Castle for the remainder of his life, with a pension of two hundred marks a year.

bothwell-castle

Bothwell Castle


Renewal of Percy vs. Douglas
In 1400, at Candlemas, the Earl of March, George I, and Henry 'Hotspur' Percy had entered Scotland lying waste as far as Papple in East Lothian. The villages of Traprain, Markle and Hailes were burned to the ground and two unsuccessful attempts were made at Hailes Castle. Now the Master of Douglas, who had also held the office of Lord Warden of the Marches, surprised them by night at their camp near East Linton and would then defeat the English Force. Archibald had managed to chase his enemy as far as Berwick upon Tweed, slaughtering any stragglers in the woods close to Cockburnspath.

The Siege of Edinburgh
Later on that year, in summer, Archibald would be made second in command to David Stewart, the Duke of Rothesay who was Lieutenant of the Kingdom, during the siege of Edinburgh Castle by Henry IV. Henry would be unsuccessful in his endeavors. With Owain Glyndwr's rebellion gathering in Wales he would become the last English monarch that would ever invade Scotland in person.

Archibald's father died later on that year at Christmas. Before his passing, he held vast lordships that stretched from Galloway, Douglasdale, Moray, and Clydesdale to the shires of Stirling and Selkirk. He also was lord over the forfeited lands of the Earl of Dunbar in Lothian and the Merse.

Two years later, Archibald's brother-in-law and heir to the throne, David Stewart, the Duke of Rothesay, was held captive. He was first held at Bishop's Palace at St. Andrews, then at the Royal Palace of Falkland. While here, Duke David would pass away on the 27th of March. It has been alleged that he had died under mysterious circumstances. He was only twenty-four and had been in good health prior to his passing. Rumors were started saying that he David had been starved to death in the Falkland's pit prison. Prince David was also arrested under a warrant that had been issued in the name of his father, by his uncle, Robert Stewart, the Duke of Albany, and Douglas. Both Albany and Douglas were rumored to have been the authors of any foul play that was suspected. This can be shown by the fact that both of the men were summoned to appear before Parliament.

On the 16th of March both of the men were acquitted when Parliament had passed an act that stated that the Prince had "departed this life through Divine Providence, and not otherwise". This would clear both of the men from High Treason and any other crime. Any of the king's subjects were strictly forbid to make the slightest imputation on their fame. This action could be considered to be a whitewash, as the Kingdom of Scotland couldn't afford to lose its two most powerful men due to the renewed English hostility. Archibald and Albany were considered to be the only fit antidote to the traitor Earl of March and his English allies.

Homildon Hill
On the 22nd of June 1402, a small Scottish force would be beaten by George Dunbar, the Earl of March's son, at the Battle of Nesbit Moor. Archibald would lead a raid with Murdoch of Fife, Albany's son, as far as Newcastle to avenge this battle. At the head of 10,000 men, Archibald, and his men would lay waste to all of Northumberland.

George Dunbar would persuade Henry Percy, the 1st Earl of Northumberland, and his son Harry "Hotspur" Percy to lie in wait for the returning Scots at Wooler. Once Archibald's men had made their camp at Millfield, which was relatively low ground, the English would rush them. The Scots, however, had keen sentries and the army was able to retreat to the higher ground of Homildon Hill.

bendorstonehomildon

Homildon Hill memorial marker today


At Homildon Hill they organized themselves in the traditional Schiltron formations. Archibald didn't learn any lessons from his great uncle's Battle at Halidon Hill seventy years before. The Schiltrons had presented a large target for the English long bowmen, and the formations began to break. A hundred men, under Sir John Swinton of the Swintons of that Ilk, had decided to charge the enemy saying "Better to die in the mellay than be shot down like deer". All would die.

schiltron-formation-ex-braveheart

Schiltron Formation represented in the movie Braveheart


It has been suggested that Archibald had hesitated to signal the advance of his main force, but when he did, it was too little too late. Archibald's mauled army would meet with the, as yet unbloodied, English men at arms and were routed. Many of his leading captains would be captured, including his kinsman George Douglas, the 1st Earl of Angus, Thomas Dunbar, the 5th Earl of Moray, and Murdoch of Fife. Archibald himself would be captured as well, after he was wounded five times, including the lose of his eye.

If the Percys and other English knights had thought that they had gained great immediate riches from their ransoms, they were to be disappointed. They would receive a message from King Henry congratulating them for their victory but forbidding the release of any of their prisoners.

In 1403, Henry Hotspur was in an open rebellion against the king and joined his kinsman, Thomas Percy, the Earl of Worcester, while Owain Glyndwry was undertaking a campaign against the English rule in Wales. Hotspur would set free his Scottish captives and Archibald, with his co-prisoners, decided to fight alongside their former captors. In the chivalric spirit of the time, Archibald marched with his former enemy, Hotspur, and his forces to meet with King Henry IV at the Battle of Shrewsbury. The result of this battle of a decisive Royalist victory. Henry Hotspur would be killed by an arrow through his mouth. Archibald was, yet again, captured. This time he would suffer from a loss of a testicle, after he had fought gallantly on the field and personally had killed Edmund Stafford, the 5th Earl of Stafford and Sir Walter Blount.

Prisoner of King Henry
Archibald was now a captive of King Henry IV. The cost for the ransom of the Scot nobles that were taken at Homildon would prove to be difficult for the impoverished Scottish exchequer. When Prince James of Scotland was also captured while en route to France by some English pirates in 1406, the position would seem to be impossible.

The aged King Robert III would die of his grief not long after. The Kingdom of the Scots was now in the hands of the Duke of Albany de jure, as well as de facto.

king-henry-iv-of-england

King Henry IV


After giving an oath on the Holy Scripture to King Henry to be his man above all others, except for King James, and on the production of suitable hostages for his parole, Archibald was allowed to return to his estates to carry out his private affairs. He would agree, again under oath, to return to captivity in England on an appointed day.

At Easter, Archibald went north and hadn't returned on his aforesaid day. King Henry wrote to his regent, Albany, complaining of this "un-knightly" behavior and had warned him that, unless Archibald would return the other hostages would be dealt with at his pleasure. Archibald still did not return. After a payment of 700 merks in 1413 to the King of England, Henry V, the hostages were released.

Political Machinations
In 1412, Archibald would go to Flanders and then to France. After he had arrived in Paris he would start negotiations with John 'The Fearless', Duke of Burgundy. They would end up agreeing to a mutual defense and offense pact in their respective countries.

Archibald had also resumed his duties as the Lord Warden of the Marches not long after returning to Scotland. While at the border he had free reign to defend it and to keep the peace. However, it appears that Albany wasn't prepared to do this. Archibald would recover his costs from his customs fees on all trade goods that were entering the country.

Then in 1416, while King James was still a hostage in England, Archibald had visited London twice to enter negotiations for his release. While he was there the Lollard faction, during Henry V's absence in France, had tried to persuade the Scottish delegates to go on an offensive. Albany decided this to be the opportune moment to reclaim Berwick-upon-Tweed. He gathered an army to take it and then despatched Archibald to Roxburgh Castle, which was also held by the English.

When the Scots had learned of the huge army that was led by King Henry's brother, John of Lancaster, the 1st Duke of Bedford, and Thomas Beaufort, the Duke of Exeter, they decided to retreat. Following their devastation in Teviotdale and Liddesdale, and the burning of the towns of Selkirk, Jedburgh and Hawick, the raid was known as the "Foul Raid".

The Great Scottish Army
Archibald's son, the Earl of Wigtoun, were fighting in France along with his son-in-law, Buchan, They were able to inflict a heavy defeat over the English at the Battle of Bauge in 1421.

Archibald married Lady Margaret STEWART in 1390 in Scotland. Margaret (daughter of King Robert III STEWART, of Scotland and Annabella DRUMMOND, Queen of Scotland) was born in 1370 in Dunfermline, Fifeshire, Schotland; died in Sep 1456 in Thrieve Castle, Galloway, Scotland; was buried in Sep 1456 in Dumfries, Dumfriesshire, Scotland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: M4P4-D1N
• Name: //

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Marriage and issue
In 1390 he married Lady Margaret (d.1451), eldest daughter of John Stewart, Earl of Carrick, who later became King Robert III. Of their children:

Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas, and Wigton, &c., (1390? 1439), who succeeded to the earldom.
Elizabeth (d. c. 1451), who married first John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Buchan, secondly Thomas, son of Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar, and thirdly William Sinclair, 3rd Earl of Orkney (d. 1480).
William Douglas (b. before 1401)
Sir James Douglas (d. 17 August 1424)
Mary Douglas, who married Sir Simon Glendinning of Parton. Their daughter Janet married Gilbert Grierson 1st Lord of Lag.
Douglas in Literature

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• FamilySearch ID: LBS5-G9N
• Name: Archibald DOUGLAS
• Name: Black Archibald
• Name: The Grim
• Occupation: 1361; Constable of Edinburgh Castle
• Title: 1369; Lord of Galloway

Notes:

Archibald Douglas, Earl of Douglas and Wigtown, Lord of Galloway, Douglas and Bothwell (c. 1330 ? c. 24 December 1400), called Archibald the Grim or Black Archibald, was a late medieval Scottish nobleman. Archibald was the bastard son of Sir James "the Black" Douglas, Robert I's trusted lieutenant, and an unknown mother. A first cousin of William 1st Earl of Douglas, he inherited the earldom of Douglas and its entailed estates as the third earl following the death without legitimate issue of James 2nd Earl of Douglas at the Battle of Otterburn.

Gave land to Robert Rutherford of Chatto and Jean Douglas. See, https://digital.nls.uk/histories-of-scottish-families/archive/95747959#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=51&xywh=548%2C1912%2C1879%2C1392

Archibald married Joan (Jean) DE MORRAY on 23 Jul 1362. Joan (daughter of Maurice MORAY and Joan MENTEITH) was born about 1340 in Drumsargard, Cambuslang, Lanarkshire, Scotland; died in Aug 1409 in Roxburghshire, Scotland; was buried in 1409 in Scotland, United Kingdom. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: GJY2-F5C
• _UID: 098AA45ADA7C42C9B138CD3AC5B2E6104F67

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• FamilySearch ID: LZ86-T6V
• Name: John Stewart, Earl of Carrick
• Name: Robert STEWART
• Crowned King: 14 Aug 1390, Old Scone, Perthshire, Scotland
• JAMES CAPTURED BY THE ENGLISH: 22 Mar 1406, English Channel, At Sea; Wanting him out of reach of his brother Robert, Duke of Albany, King Robert III sent his only remaining son James to safety in France, Unfortunately James was intercepted by the English and taken hostage by King Henry IV.

Notes:

Name: Born John Stewart, regnal name - Robert III, King of Scots
Father: Robert II, King of Scotland
Mother: Elizabeth Mure

King of Scotts (19 April 1390 ? 4 April 1406)
Earl of Atholl (1367 ? 1390)
Earl of Carrick (1368 ? 5 March 1390)
High Steward of Scotland (c. 1371? 1390)
Guardian of Scotland (1384 ? 1388)

House of: Stewart
Born: 1337
Ascended to the throne: April 19, 1390
Crowned: August 14, 1390 at Scone Abbey, Perthshire
Married: Annabella Drummond, 1366/7
Children: 3 sons and 4 daughters
Died: April 4, 1406, at Dundonald Castle, Ayrshire
Buried at: Paisley Abbey, Renfrewshire
Succeeded by: his son James I

Son of Robert II he was timid, retiring and badly injured following a kick from a horse. He took the name Robert because his name John was considered a bad omen after the hated John Balliol

He told his Queen that he was 'the worst of kings and most miserable of men'. The reign was beset by problems including rivalry between the Highlanders, his brothers and the lords of the isles. His brother Robert Duke of Albany may have been responsible for the death of Robert III's son David.

In 1402 the forces of Henry IV of England invaded the lowlands and following two defeats of the Scots briefly occupied Edinburgh. Robert sent his 10 year old 2nd son James to France in 1406 for safety but he was captured at sea during the journey and taken prisoner by the English. The news of his son's capture was said to have hastened the death of Robert who died shortly afterwards.
Timeline for King Robert III of Scotland
YearEvent
1390Robert III becomes king. He delegates power to his younger brother, the Earl of Fife, later the Duke of Albany
1402English defeat Scots in the Battle of Nesbit Moor and the Battle of Humbleton Hill.
1406Robert is disabled in a riding accident and his eldest son is killed possibly by the Duke of Albany.
1406Robert sends his second son to James to France but he is captured by English near Flamborough Head. James is taken to London, where Henry IV of England confines him in the Tower of London for 18 years.
1406King Robert III dies and James I ascends the throne but is not crowned until 1424 as he is a prisoner of the English.

https://www.britroyals.com/scots.asp?id=robert3

Robert married Annabella DRUMMOND, Queen of Scotland on 13 Mar 1365 in Dispensation, Kyle, Ayrshire, Scotland. Annabella (daughter of Sir John DRUMMOND and Mary Margaret MONTIFEX, Countess of Lennox) was born on 14 Aug 1350 in Scone, Cargill, Perthshire, Scotland; was christened in 1350 in Drymen, Stirlingshire, Scotland; died in Oct 1401 in Scone Palace, Perthshire, Scotland; was buried in Oct 1401 in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: LZPK-KKT
• TitleOfNobility: ; Queen of Scotland
• Name: Annabella DRUMMOND
• Religion: ; Roman Catholic
• Residence: Scottish Monarch
• Political Coup: 1399, Scotland; She organized a palace coup. Made elder son a duke (first in Scotish history) and appoin

Notes:

Anabella Drummond (c. 1350? 1401) was the queen consort of Scotland by marriage to Robert III of Scotland. She was the daughter of Sir John Drummond, of Stobhall, near Perth, 11th Thane of Lennox and Chief of Clan Drummond, and Mary Montifex, eldest daughter and co-heiress of Sir William de Montifex, Justiciar of Scotland. It has been erroneous postulated that her father was the same John Drummond that was a brother to Margaret Drummond, Queen of Scotland but as this does not align with any historical dates, the latter John was probably a close ancestor.
She married John Stewart (the future Robert III of Scotland) in 1367. Soon, she was enveloped in a power struggle with her husband's brother, Robert. Since Anabella and John did have two daughters, but no sons for several years, he was a supporter of a law that would bar women from inheriting the throne.

Queen
Anabella was crowned with Robert at Scone Palace when he came to the throne in 1390. She continued bearing children until she was past forty and had her last child, the future James I of Scotland, in 1394.

King Robert, an invalid since 1384 due to an accident with a horse, grew increasingly despondent and incompetent throughout his reign and was not capable to govern. During this time he is said to have said to her that he should be buried in a dung heap with the epitaph "Here lies the worst of kings and the most miserable of men".

Because the king was not able to rule, Anabella was prompted to manage state affairs as de facto ruler. The chronicles of Scotland generally praise queen Anabella and her conduct as queen. Protecting the interests of her oldest son, David, she arranged a great tournament in 1398 in Edinburgh, where her oldest son was knighted. In April of that year she also called a council where he was created Duke of Rothesay and Lieutenant of the Realm in the same year. Shortly after his mother's death he would be imprisoned by his uncle and died in mysterious circumstances. David was described as debauched, self-indulgent and erratic, and the Duke of Albany did not have to fight hard to control him.

The Fife burgh of Inverkeithing was a favorite residence of the queen. Her presence is still recalled in the sandstone font, decorated with angels and heraldry, which she presented to the parish church of the town, one of Scotland's finest surviving pieces of late medieval sculpture.

Anabella died in Scone Palace in October 1401, and was buried at her birthplace of Dunfermline. With the loss of her protection, her eldest son David would become the prey of his uncle, Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany, dying shortly after

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• Cause of Death: ; died in the Battle of Teba
• FamilySearch ID: L6KK-BW5
• Land: ; Grants of the land were made to Sir James Douglas by Robert Bruce due to his many brave exploits.
• MilitaryService: ; as Chief Lieutenant to Robert the Bruce
• MilitaryService: ; as General of the Wars of Independence
• Title: ; 2nd Earl of Galloway
• Title: ; 2nd Lord of Douglas Castle
• Name: James DOUGLAS
• Name: James of Loudon
• Name: The Good
• Residence: Hermiston, Lothian, Scotland
• _UID: 97FCB966F31C4D7EA61C5D5C0B37E0648D6B

Notes:

Sir James Douglas (also known as Good Sir James and the Black Douglas) (c. 1286 ? 25 August 1330[1]) was a Scottish knight and feudal lord. He was one of the chief commanders during the Wars of Scottish Independence.

Early life
He was the eldest son of Sir William Douglas, known as "le Hardi" or "the bold", who had been the first noble supporter of William Wallace (the elder Douglas died circa 1298, a prisoner in the Tower of London).[2] His mother was Elizabeth Stewart, the daughter of Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland, who died circa 1287 or early 1288. His father remarried in late 1288 so Douglas' birth had to be prior to that; however, the destruction of records in Scotland makes an exact date or even year impossible to pinpoint.

Douglas was sent to France for safety in the early days of the Wars of Independence, and was educated in Paris. There he met William Lamberton, Bishop of St. Andrews, who took him as a squire. He returned to Scotland with Lamberton. His lands had been seized and awarded to Robert Clifford. Lamberton presented him at the occupying English court to petition for the return of his land shortly after the capture of Stirling Castle in 1304, but when Edward I of England heard whose son he was he grew angry and Douglas was forced to depart.[3]

Alliance with Bruce
For Douglas, who now faced life as a landless outcast on the fringes of feudal society, the return of his ancestral estates was to become an overriding obsession, inevitably impacting on his political allegiances. In John Barbour's rhyming chronicle, The Brus, as much a paean to the young knight as the hero king, Douglas makes his feelings plain to Lamberton;

Sir, you see,

How the English tyrant forcibly
Has dispossessed me of my land
And you are made to understand
That the earl of Carrick claims to be
The rightful king of this country.
The English, since he slew that man,
Are keen to catch him if they can;
And they would seize his lands as well
And yet with him I faith would dwell!
Now, therefore, if it be your will,
With him will I take good or ill.
Through him I hope my land to win
Despite the Clifford and his kin.

? The Brus, John Barbour
This was a particularly dramatic moment in Scottish history: Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick had played a role in the slaying of John Comyn, a leading Scottish rival, on 6 February 1306 at Greyfriars Kirk in Dumfries. Bruce, having wounded Comyn with his dagger, rushed from the church and encountered his attendants outside. Bruce told them what had happened and said, "I must be off, for I doubt I have slain the Red Comyn,"[2] "Doubt?" Sir Roger de Kirkpatrick of Closeburn answered, "I mak sikker," ("I'll make sure," or "I make sure") and rushing into the church, finishing Comyn.[2]Bruce immediately claimed the crown of Scotland, in defiance of the English king. Less than seven weeks after the killing in Dumfries, Bruce was crowned King on 25 March. It was while he was on his way to Glasgow to meet with Bishop Wishart, and then to Scone, the traditional site of Scottish coronations, that he was met by Douglas, riding on a horse borrowed from Bishop Lamberton. The site is traditionally believed to be the summit of a hill in Dumfries and Galloway, that is now known as the Crown of Scotland. Douglas explained his circumstances and immediately offered his services;

And thus began their friendship true
That no mischance could e'er undo
Nor lessen while they were alive.
Their friendship more and more would thrive.

? The Brus, John Barbour
Douglas was set to share in Bruce's early misfortunes, being present at the defeats at Methven and Battle of Dalrigh. But for both men these setbacks were to provide a valuable lesson in tactics: limitations in both resources and equipment meant that the Scots would always be at a disadvantage in conventional medieval warfare. By the time the war was renewed in the spring of 1307 they had learnt the value of guerrilla warfare ? known at the time as "secret war" ? using fast moving, lightly equipped and agile forces to maximum effect against an enemy often locked into static defensive positions.

The Douglas Larder

All that remains of the house that stood on the site of Douglas Castle is this seventeenth-century tower which was spared demolition in 1938.
Douglas's actions for most of 1307 and early 1308, although confined for the most part to his native Douglasdale, were essential to keeping the enemy in the South and freeing Bruce to campaign in the north. He soon created a formidable reputation for himself as a soldier and a tactician. While Bruce was campaigning in the north against his domestic enemies, Douglas used the cover of Selkirk Forest to mount highly effective mobile attacks against the enemy. He also showed himself to be utterly ruthless, particularly in his relentless attacks on the English garrison in his own Douglas Castle, the most famous of which quickly passed into popular history. Barbour dates this incident to Palm Sunday 1307, which fell on 19 March.[4] Some question whether this date is too early as Bruce and his small army were not yet established in south-west Scotland, suggesting Palm Sunday 1308 ? 17 April ? as a more accurate date. However, as Barbour states that at the time of the Douglas Larder the Scots were not yet established in south-west Scotland and indeed that Douglas was the only one of Bruce's men anywhere in the area, there is reason to think that Barbour's date is probably correct. Barbour says that the Larder was the first act toward becoming established in that part of Scotland.[5][6]

With the help of local farmer Thomas Dickson, a former vassal of his father, Douglas and his small troop were hidden until the morning of Palm Sunday, when the garrison left the battlements to attend the local church. Gathering local support, he entered the church and the war-cry "Douglas! Douglas!" went up for the first time. Some of the English soldiers were killed and others taken prisoner. The prisoners were taken to the castle, now largely empty. All the stores were piled together in the cellar, the wine casks burst open and the wood used for fuel. The prisoners were then beheaded and placed on top of the pile, which was set alight. Before departing, the wells were poisoned with salt and the carcasses of dead horses. The local people soon gave the whole gruesome episode the name "the Douglas Larder." As an example of frightfulness in war, it was meant to leave a lasting impression, not least upon the men who came to replace their dead colleagues. Further attacks followed by the man now known to the English as "The blak Dowglas", a sinister and murderous force "mair fell than wes ony devill in hell."[7]

In August 1308, Douglas met the king for a joint attack on the MacDougalls of Lorn, kinsmen of the Comyns, the climax to Bruce's campaign in the north. Two years before, the Macdougalls had intercepted and mauled the royal army at the Battle of Dalrigh. Now they awaited the arrival of their opponents in the narrow Pass of Brander, between Ben Cruachan and Loch Awe in Argyllshire. While Bruce pinned down the enemy in a frontal advance through the pass, Douglas, completely unobserved, led a party of loyal Highlanders further up the mountain, launching a surprise attack from the rear. Soon the Battle of Pass of Brander turned into a rout. Returning south soon after, Douglas joined with Edward Bruce, the king's brother, in a successful assault on Rutherglen castle near Glasgow, going on to a further campaign in Galloway.[8]

Roxburgh Falls
In the years that followed Douglas was given time to enhance his skills as a soldier. Edward II came north with an army in 1310 in fruitless pursuit of an enemy that simply refused to be pinned down. The frustrations this obviously caused are detailed in the Vita Edwardi Secundi, a contemporary English chronicle;

The king entered Scotland with his army but not a rebel was to be found...At that time Robert Bruce, who lurked continually in hiding, did them all the injury he could. One day, when some English and Welsh, always ready for plunder, had gone out on a raid, accompanied by many horsemen from the army, Robert Bruce's men, who had been concealed in caves and woodland, made a serious attack on our men...From such ambushes our men suffered heavy losses. For Robert Bruce, knowing himself unequal to the king of England in strength or fortune, decided it would be better to resist our king by secret warfare rather than dispute his right in open battle.

Edward was even moved to write to the Pope in impotent fury, complaining that "Robert Bruce and his accomplices, when lately we went into parts of Scotland to repress their rebellion, concealed themselves in secret places after the manner of foxes."

In the years before 1314 the English presence in Scotland was reduced to a few significant strongholds. There were both strengths and weaknesses in this. The Scots had no heavy equipment or the means of attacking castles by conventional means. However, this inevitably produced a degree of complacency in garrisons provisioned enough to withstand a blockade. In dealing with this problem the Scots responded in the manner of foxes; and among the more cunning of their exploits was Douglas' capture of the powerful fortress at Roxburgh. His tactic, though simple, was brilliantly effective. On the night of 19/20 February 1314 ? Shrove Tuesday and Ash Wednesday ? several dark shapes were seen beneath the battlements and mistakenly assumed to be cattle. Douglas had ordered his men to cover themselves with their cloaks and crawl towards the castle on their hands and knees. With most of the garrison celebrating just prior to the fast of Lent, scaling hooks with rope ladders attached were thrown up the walls. Taken by complete surprise the defenders were overwhelmed in a short space of time. Roxburgh Castle, among the best in the land, was slighted or destroyed in accordance with Bruce's policy of den

James married Joan ARMSTRONG, of Blackness about 1304 in Midlothian, Scotland. Joan (daughter of Prince Alexander IV OF SCOTLAND) was born in 1278 in Scotland; died in 1337 in Scotland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: G612-WL6
• Title: ; Countess of Douglas
• Name: Joanna LOVELL

Notes:

The Life Summary of Joan
When Lady Joan Lovel - Lady Douglas was born in 1287, in Castle Cary, Somerset, England, United Kingdom, her father, Sir Richard III de Lovel, was 11 and her mother, Lady Muriel de Soules, was 11. She had at least 1 son with Sir James the Good Douglas. She died on 21 August 1337, in Douglas, Lanarkshire, Scotland at the age of 50, and was buried in Lanarkshire, Scotland

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• FamilySearch ID: G6F6-SY9
• _UID: 5A1FDDF8B1B94E8D970788B57AA9B7FC444E

Maurice married Joan MENTEITH on 11 Jul 1339. Joan was born in in Rusky, Perthshire, Scotland; died after 1366. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: GJNN-D5X
• _UID: ACD32A30713D4E7283C72411BC8421527998

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• Affiliation: ; House of Stewart - Founder
• FamilySearch ID: LHW6-FV7
• TitleOfNobility: ; Grandson of Robert, The Bruce, 1st Monarch of the House of Stewart, 15 issue, succeeded his uncle King David II)
• TitleOfNobility: ; King of Scotland, Guardian of Scotland, High Steward of Scotland, Earl of Atholl, Earl of Strathearn
• Name: Robert STEWART
• Name: Robert STEWART
• Religion: ; Roman Catholic
• Restored to The Line of Succession: Jul 1326, Cambuskenneth Abbey, Stirlingshire, Scotland; David Bruce became heir to the throne of Scotland upon his birth on 5 March 1324, displacing his nephew from the line of succession. However, 2 heirs are better than only one, and the death of David's twin brother John reminded everyone how fragile baby's
• DUNDONALD CASTLE: 1371, Dundonald, Ayrshire, Scotland; Robert Stewart built Dundonald Castle in 1371, probably to mark his accession to the throne as Robert II, and as a safe place for his family to live.
• Ascension to Throne: 22 Feb 1371
• TitleOfNobility: Between 22 Feb 1371 and 19 Apr 1390; 35th King of Scotland - reigned for 19 years

Notes:

Robert II (2 March 1316 ? 19 April 1390) was King of Scots from 1371 to his death in 1390. He was the first monarch of the House of Stewart as the son of Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland, and of Marjorie Bruce, daughter of the Scottish king Robert the Bruce by his first wife Isabella of Mar.

In 1336, he first married Elizabeth Mure, daughter of Sir Adam Mure of Rowallan. The marriage was criticized for being uncanonical, so he remarried her in 1349 after receiving a papal dispensation in 1347.
From this union, ten children reached adulthood:
- John, who became King of Scotland as Robert III, married Anabella Drummond.
- Walter, husband of Isabella MacDuff, Countess of Fife.
- Robert, Earl of Fife and Duke of Albany, married Margaret Graham, Countess of Menteith, and 2nd Muriella Keith.
- Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan, "The Wolf of Badenoch", married Euphemia of Ross.
- Margaret, married John of Islay, Lord of the Isles.
- Marjorie, married John Dunbar, Earl of Moray, then Sir Alexander Keith.
- Elizabeth married Thomas de la Hay, Lord High Constable of Scotland.
- Isabella, married James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas, and 2nd John Edmonstone of Edmonstone.
- Johanna (Jean), married Sir John Keith, then 2nd John Lyon, Lord of Glamis and 3rd Sir James Sandilands.
- Katherine, married Sir Robert Logan of Grugar and Restalrig, Lord High Admiral of Scotland.

In 1355, Robert married his second wife Euphemia de Ross, daughter of Hugh, Earl of Ross. They had four children:
- David Stewart, Earl of Strathearn, born about 1356 and died in 1389.
- Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl, born about 1360, beheaded at Edinburgh in 1437 for being involved in the assassination of King James I.
- Elizabeth, married in 1380 David Lindsay, 1st Earl of Crawford.
- Egidia, married William Douglas of Nithsdale.


[Information added by OldeBruce in April 2022:
Edward Bruce, younger brother of Robert the Bruce, was named heir to the throne but he died without legitimate children on 3 December 1318 in a battle near Dundalk in Ireland. Marjorie by this time had died in a riding accident ? probably in 1317. Parliament decreed her infant son, Robert Stewart, as heir presumptive, but this lapsed on 5 March 1324 on the birth of a son, David, to King Robert and his second wife, Elizabeth de Burgh. Robert Stewart inherited the title of High Steward of Scotland on his father's death on 9 April 1326, and a Parliament held in July 1326 confirmed the young Steward as heir should Prince David die without a successor. In 1329 King Robert I died and the six-year-old David succeeded to the throne with Sir Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray appointed Guardian of Scotland.

Edward Balliol, son of King John Balliol, assisted by the English and Scottish nobles disinherited by Robert I, invaded Scotland inflicting heavy defeats on the Bruce party on 11 August 1332 at Dupplin Moor and Halidon Hill on 19 July 1333. Robert fought at Halidon, where his uncle and former guardian, Sir James Stewart, was killed. Following this battle, Robert's lands in the west were given by Balliol to his supporter David Strathbogie, the titular Earl of Atholl. Robert took refuge in the fortress of Dumbarton Castle in the Clyde estuary to join his uncle, King David. In May 1334 David escaped to France leaving Robert and John Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray as joint Guardians of the kingdom. Robert succeeded in regaining his lands but following Randolph's capture by the English in July 1335, his possessions were once again targeted by the forces of Balliol and King Edward III of England. This may have persuaded Robert to submit to Balliol and the English king and may explain his removal as Guardian by September 1335. The Guardianship transferred to Sir Andrew Murray of Bothwell but following his death in 1338 Robert was re-appointed and retained the office until King David returned from France in June 1341. Robert accompanied David into battle at Neville's Cross on 17 October 1346 but he and Patrick Dunbar, Earl of March escaped or fled the field and David was taken prisoner. In October 1357, the king was ransomed for 100,000 marks to be paid in installments over ten years.

Robert joined a rebellion against David in 1363 but submitted to him following a threat to his right of succession. In 1364, David presented a proposal to Parliament that would cancel the remaining ransom debt if it was agreed that a Plantagenet heir would inherit the Scottish throne should he die without issue. This was rejected and Robert succeeded to the throne at the age of 55 following David's unexpected death in 1371. England still controlled large sectors in the Lothians and in the border country so King Robert allowed his southern earls to engage in actions in the English zones to regain their territories, halted trade with England and renewed treaties with France. By 1384, the Scots had re-taken most of the occupied lands, but following the commencement of Anglo-French peace talks, Robert was reluctant to commit Scotland to all-out war and obtained Scotland's inclusion in the peace treaty. Robert's peace strategy was a factor in the virtual coup in 1384 when he lost control of the country, first to his eldest son, John, Earl of Carrick, afterwards King Robert III, and then from 1388 to John's younger brother, Robert, Earl of Fife, afterwards the first Duke of Albany. Robert II died in Dundonald Castle in 1390 and was buried at Scone Abbey.

Heir presumptive
Robert Stewart, born in 1316, was the only child of Walter Stewart, High Steward of Scotland and King Robert I's daughter Marjorie Bruce, who died probably in 1317 following a riding accident.[1] He had the upbringing of a Gaelic noble on the Stewart lands in Bute, Clydeside, and in Renfrew.[1] In 1315 parliament removed Marjorie's right as heir to her father in favour of her uncle, Edward Bruce.[2] Edward was killed at the Battle of Faughart, near Dundalk on 14 October 1318,[3] resulting in a hastily arranged Parliament in December to enact a new entail naming Marjorie's son, Robert, as heir should the king die without a successor.[4] The birth of a son, afterwards David II, to King Robert on 5 March 1324 cancelled Robert Stewart's position as heir presumptive, but a Parliament at Cambuskenneth in July 1326 restored him in the line of succession should David die without an heir.[2] This reinstatement of his status was accompanied by the gift of lands in Argyll, Roxburghshire and the Lothians.[5]

The first war of independence began in the reign of King John Balliol.[6] His short reign was bedeviled by Edward I's insistence on his overlordship of Scotland. The Scottish leadership concluded that only war could release the country from the English king's continued weakening of Balliol's sovereignty and so finalised a treaty of reciprocal assistance with France in October 1295.[7] The Scots forayed into England in March 1296? this incursion together with the French treaty angered the English king and provoked an invasion of Scotland taking Berwick on 30 March before defeating the Scots army at Dunbar on 27 April.[8] John Balliol submitted to Edward and resigned the throne to him before being sent to London as a prisoner. Despite this, resistance to the English led by William Wallace and Andrew Moray had emerged in the name of King John Balliol.[8] On their deaths, Robert the Bruce continued to resist the English and eventually succeeded in defeating the forces of Edward II of England and gained the Scottish throne for himself.[7]

David Bruce, aged five, became king on 7 June 1329 on the death of his father Robert. Walter the Steward had died earlier on 9 April 1327,[9] and the orphaned eleven-year-old Robert was placed under the guardianship of his uncle, Sir James Stewart of Durrisdeer,[2] who along with Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray, and William Lindsey, Archdeacon of St Andrews were appointed as joint Guardians of the kingdom.[10] David's accession kindled the second independence war which threatened Robert's position as heir.[11] In 1332 Edward Balliol, son of the deposed John Balliol, spearheaded an attack on the Bruce sovereignty with the tacit support of King Edward III of England and the explicit endorsement of 'the disinherited'.[12] Edward Balliol's forces delivered heavy defeats on the Bruce supporters at Dupplin Moor on 11 August 1332 and again at Halidon Hill on 19 July 1333, at which the 17-year-old Robert participated.[10] Robert's estates were overrun by Balliol, who granted them to David Strathbogie, titular earl of Atholl, but Robert evaded capture and gained protection at Dumbarton Castle where King David was also taking refuge.[11] Very few other strongholds remained in Scottish hands in the winter of 1333? only the castles of Kildrummy (held by Christian Bruce, elder sister of Robert I and wife of Andrew Murray of Bothwell), Loch Leven, Loch Doon, and Urquhart held out against Balliol forces.[13]

Dairsie Castle where the 1335 Parliament was held
In May 1334, the situation looked dire for the house of Bruce and David II gained safety in France. Robert set about winning back his lands in the west of Scotland.

Was in command of the second division of the Scotch Army at Halidon Hill, and was one of the few who escaped the carnage of that disastrous day. See Europ?isch Stammtafeln Band II tafel 69. There is some confusion over which daughter is which and who are their mothers which still needs some clarification.

Robert II (2 March 1316 ? 19 April 1390) was King of Scots from 1371 to his death in 1390. He was the first monarch of the House of Stewart as the son of Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland, and of Marjorie Bruce, daughter of the Scottish king Robert the Bruce by his first wife Isabella of Mar.

Edward Bruce, younger brother of Robert the Bruce, was named heir presumptive but died without heirs on 3 December 1318. Marjorie Bruce had died probably in 1317 in a riding accident and parliament decreed her infant son, Robert Stewart, as heir presumptive, but this lapsed on 5 March 1324 on the birth of a son, David, to King Robert and his second wife, Elizabeth de Burgh. Robert Stewart became High Steward of Scotland on his father's death on 9 April 1327, and in the same year parliament confirmed the young Steward as heir should Prince David die without a successor. In 1329 King Robert I died and the six-year-old David succeeded to the throne under the guardianship of Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray.

Robert married Elizabeth MURE, of Rowallan in 1348 in Dundonald, Ayrshire, Scotland. Elizabeth (daughter of Sir Adam IV MURE, of Rowallan and Janet Mure of POKELLIE) was born on 2 Mar 1320 in Rowallan Castle, Kilmaurs, AYR, Scotland; died in 1354 in Dundonald Castle, Ayrshire, Scotland; was buried in Paisley Abbey, Paisley, Renfrewshire, Scotland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events:

• FamilySearch ID: L89H-F4Y
• TitleOfNobility: ; Countess of Atholl
• Name: Isabel MURE

Notes:

Elizabeth Mure was the first wife of Robert, High Steward of Scotland, and Guardian of Scotland (1338? 1341 and from October 1346), who later became King Robert II of Scotland.
Elizabeth was the daughter of Sir Adam Mure of Rowallan and his wife Janet Mure of Pokellie, she was born about 1320 at Rowallan Castle.

Elizabeth and Robert married in 1336, when Robert was not in line to inherit the crown. They did not seek permission from the Pope before marrying, therefore, their marriage was considered uncanonical. Because of this she is often considered his mistress and their children illegitimate. King David II was captured by the English in 1346 and Elizabeth's husband became Guardian of Scotland, Regent in David's absence and King of Scotland in all but name. Facing renewed scrutiny and criticism of their marriage and wanting their children to be acknowledged as legitimate, Robert applied to the Pope for a dispensation which was received 22 November 1347. Robert and Elizabeth married for a 2nd time, officially, in a church wedding, in 1349. Elizabeth and Robert were married for about about 19 years but only officially (by church standards) for about 6.

Elizabeth did not live to see her husband become King of Scotland but is believed to have died in 1354, certainly before May 1355 when Robert married for a 2nd time.

Elizabeth and Robert had the following children:
- John Stewart, Earl of Carrick who became King Robert III
- Walter Stewart, Lord of Fife
- Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany (c. 1340? 1420)
- Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan
- Margaret Stewart, married John of Islay, Lord of the Isles
- Marjorie Stewart, married firstly, John Dunbar, Earl of Moray, and secondly, Sir Alexander Keith
- Johanna (Jean) Stewart, married firstly, Sir John Keith, secondly, Sir John Lyon, and thirdly in 1384, Sir James Sandilands.
- Isabella Stewart, married firstly, James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas, and secondly, John Edmonstone of that Ilk
- Katherine Stewart, married Sir Robert Logan of Grugar and Restalrig, Lord High Admiral of Scotland
- Elizabeth Stewart, married Sir Thomas Hay, Lord High Constable of Scotland.

Other Events:

• FamilySearch ID: LR3X-YVV
• TitleOfNobility: ; 11th Chief of the House of Drummond.
• TitleOfNobility: ; Sir Knight
• Name: John McLEISH DRUMMOND

Notes:

About Sir John Drummond, 11th Chief of Lennox
Sir John Drummond, 11th of Lennox 1,2

M, #102467, b. 1318, d. 1373
Last Edited=2 Mar 2005
Sir John Drummond, 11th of Lennox was born in 1318. He was the son of Sir Malcolm Drummond, 10th Thane of Lennox and Margaret de Graham.2 He married Mary Montifex, daughter of Sir William de Montifex.2 He died in 1373.2 Sir John Drummond, 11th of Lennox lived at Strobhall, Scotland.1

Children of Sir John Drummond, 11th of Lennox and Mary Montifex

* Dougal Drummond 2
* Annabel Drummond+ b. c 1350, d. c Oct 1401
* Sir Malcolm Drummond b. 1351, d. 1403
* Margaret Drummond b. 1354
* Sir John Drummond, 12th of Lennox+ b. 1356, d. 1428
* Mary Drummond b. 1357
* William Drummond b. 1358
* Jean Drummond b. 1362
notes
From http://www.electricscotland.com/webclans/dtog/drummon2.html

The wife of John, the eldest son, was Mary, eldest daughter and co-heiress of Sir William de Montifex, with whom he got the lands of Auchterarder, Kincardine in Monteith, Cargill, and Stobhall in Perthshire.

He had four sons,

Sir Malcolm,
Sir John,
William, and
Dougal;
and three daughters -

Annabella, married, in 1357, John, Earl of Carrick, high steward of Scotland, afterwards King Robert the Third, and thus became Queen of Scotland, and the mother of David, Duke of Rothesay, starved to death in the palace of Falkland, in 1402, and of James the First, as well as of three daughters;
Margaret, married to Sir Colin Campbell of Lochow,
Jean, to Stewart of Donally, and
Mary, to Macdonald of the Isles.
Citations

G.E. Cokayne; with Vicary Gibbs, H.A. Doubleday, Geoffrey H. White, Duncan Warrand and Lord Howard de Walden, editors, The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, new ed., 13 volumes in 14 (1910-1959; reprint in 6 volumes, Gloucester, U.K.: Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000), volume I, page 155. Hereinafter cited as The Complete Peerage.
Derek Hughes, "re: 1st Lord Drummond," e-mail message from (unknown address) to Darryl Lundy, 22 December 2004, 13 February 2005 and 2 March 2005. Hereinafter cited as "re: 1st Lord Drummond".
Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 106th edition, 2 volumes (Crans, Switzerland: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 1999), volume 1, page 104. Hereinafter cited as Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 106th edition.
Links

http://www.thepeerage.com/p10247.htm#i102467
The Drummonds, according to unvarying tradition, are of Hungarian origin, Maurice, the first of that family who settled in Scotland, having come from that country in 1066 with Edgar the Atheling and Margaret, his sister, afterwards wife of King Malcolm III of Scotland. Maurice adopted the name Drummond from the Gaelic 'druim' and 'monadh', that is 'back of the mountain'. Maurice was the son of George, a younger son of Andreas, King of Hungary. Andreas could trace his ancestry to Arpad, the Magyar king who conquered Hungary (d. 907), who m. a dt. of Jaroslav, the king of Novgorod and Kiev. Jaroslav was descended from the Swedish Viking Rurik (d. 870), who became king of Novgorod. The Swedish conquerors were called the Rus, or fair-haired, from which the word 'Russia' is derived

v

John married Mary Margaret MONTIFEX, Countess of Lennox in 1347 in Fordoun, Kincardineshire, Scotland. Mary (daughter of Sir William MONTIFEX MONTEFICHET, BARON OF CARGIL, One of the signers in 1320 of the Declaration of Arbroath and Mary DE MENTEITH) was born in 1325 in Stobhall, Cargill, Perthshire, Scotland; died on 31 Jan 1375 in Perth, Perthshire, Scotland; was buried in Feb 1375 in Cargill, Perthshire, Scotland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events:

• FamilySearch ID: LRK8-G1M
• TitleOfNobility: ; Heiress of Cargill and Stobhall De Montefex
• Residence: ; Heiress of the lands of Auchterarder, Kincardine in Monteith, Cargill, and Stobhall in Perthshire