King Fernando Alfonsez "The Saint" CASTILE AND LEON, III

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• Affiliation: ; House of Ivrea
• FamilySearch ID: 9CZS-WBG
• Name: Fernando III "EL SANTO", REY DE CASTILLA Y DE LE?N
• Name: The Saint
• _UID: A1686E613E5D427BB91849BE9A88387DDFB0
• King of Castile and Toledo: 1217
• King of Leon and Galicia: 1230

Notes:

From Encyclopedia Britannica Online, article titled "Ferdinand III:"

"canonized Feb. 4, 1671; feast day May 30"

"also called SAINT FERDINAND, Spanish SAN FERNANDO, king of Castile from 1217 to 1252 and of Leon from 1230 to 1252 and conqueror of the Muslim cities of C?ordoba (1236), Ja?en (1246), and Seville (1248). During his campaigns, Murcia submitted to his son Alfonso (later Alfonso X), and the Muslim kingdom of Granada became his vassal.

"Ferdinand was the son of Alfonso IX of Leon and Berenguela, daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile. When born, he was the heir to Leon, but his uncle, Henry I of Castile, died young, and his mother inherited the crown of Castile, which she conferred on him. His father, like many Leonese, opposed the union, and Ferdinand found himself at war with him. By his will Alfonso IX tried to disinherit his son, but the will was set aside, and Castile and Leon were permanently united in 1230.

"Ferdinand married Beatrice of Swabia, daughter of the Holy Roman emperor, a title that Ferdinand's son Alfonso X was to claim. His conquest of Lower Andalusia was the result of the disintegration of the Almohad state. The Castilians and other conquerors occupied the cities, driving out the Muslims and taking over vast estates."

In 1217 Ferdinand became King of Castile, which crown his mother renounced in his favour, and in 1230 he succeeded to the crown of Leon, though not without civil strife, since many were opposed to the union of the two kingdoms. He took as his counsellors the wisest men in the State, saw to the strict administration of justice, and took the greatest care not to overburden his subjects with taxation, fearing, as he said, the curse of one poor woman more than a whole army of Saracens. Following his mother's advice, Ferdinand, in 1219, married Beatrice, the daughter of Philip of Swabia, King of Germany, one of the most virtuous princesses of her time. God blessed this union with seven children: six princes and one princess. The highest aims of Ferdinand's life were the propagation of the Faith and the liberation of Spain from the Saracen yoke. Hence his continual wars against the Saracens. He took from them vast territories, Granada and Alicante alone remaining in their power at the time of his death. In the most important towns he founded bishoprics, reestablished Catholic worship everywhere, built churches, founded monasteries, and endowed hospitals. The greatest joys of his life were the conquests of Cordova (1236) and Seville (1248). He turned the great mosques of these places into cathedrals, dedicating them to the Blessed Virgin. He watched over the conduct of his soldiers, confiding more in their virtue than in their valour, fasted strictly himself, wore a rough hairshirt, and often spent his nights in prayer, especially before battles. Amid the tumult of the camp he lived like a religious in the cloister. The glory of the Church and the happiness of his people were the two guiding motives of his life. He founded the University of Salamanca, the Athens of Spain. Ferdinand was buried in the great cathedral of Seville before the image of the Blessed Virgin, clothed, at his own request, in the habit of the Third Order of St. Francis. His body, it is said, remains incorrupt. Many miracles took place at his tomb, and Clement X canonized him in 1671. His feast is kept by the Minorites on the 30th of May.

Fernando married Elisabeth VON HOHENSTAUFEN on 30 Nov 1219 in Burgos, Burgos, Castilla y Le?n, Spain. Elisabeth was born on 3 May 1205 in N?rnberg, Bavaria, Holy Roman Empire; was christened in in N?rnberg, Bayern, Heiliges R?misches Reich; died on 5 Nov 1235 in Toro, Toro, Zamora, Castilla y Le?n, Spain; was buried in 1235 in Sevilla, Sevilla, Andalusia, Spain. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Fernando married Jeanne (Joan) DAMMARTIN in Oct 1237 in Castile, Burgos, Spain. Jeanne (daughter of Count Simon DAMMARTIN, II and Countess Marie (Or Jeanne) De PONTHIEU) was born about 1216 in Of, Dammartin, Seine-Et-Marne, France; died on 15 Mar 1279 in Abbeville, Somme, France; was buried in 1279. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: 93MZ-1FQ

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• FamilySearch ID: G7C9-9FJ

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• FamilySearch ID: 9CZS-LTV

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• FamilySearch ID: GX3Y-NFC

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• FamilySearch ID: GX3Y-NXT
• _UID: 45285675AA0E412696390FFDC2F1E84F1C43

Notes:

He was the Prince of Castile & Leon, and the Count of Aumale.

He was the Prince of Castile and Leon.

Fernando married after 1256 in Aumale, Seine-Maritime, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• Affiliation: ; Castilian House of Burgundy
• FamilySearch ID: 9CQX-DXX
• Name: Alianore DE CASTILLE
• Name: Eleanor, Princess of Spain
• TitleOfNobility: Between 1272 and 1290; Lady of Ireland
• TitleOfNobility: Between 1272 and 1290; Queen consort of England
• TitleOfNobility: Between 1279 and 1290, Ponthieu, Ain, Rh?ne-Alpes, France; Countess of Ponthieu

Notes:

She was the Princess Castile & Leon, and later became the Queen of England.

Eleanor of Castile (1241 ? 28 November 1290) was an English queen consort, the first wife of Edward I, whom she married as part of a political deal to affirm English sovereignty over Gascony.
The marriage was known to be particularly close, and Eleanor travelled extensively with her husband. She was with him on the Ninth Crusade, when he was wounded at Acre, but the popular story of her saving his life by sucking out the poison has long been discredited. When she died, at Harby near Lincoln, her grieving husband famously ordered a stone cross to be erected at each stopping-place on the journey to London, ending at Charing Cross.

Eleanor was better educated than most medieval queens and exerted a strong cultural influence on the nation. She was a keen patron of literature, and encouraged the use of tapestries, carpets and tableware in the Spanish style, as well as innovative garden designs. She was also a successful businesswoman, endowed with her own fortune as Countess of Ponthieu. [1]

Eleanor married King Edward I "Longshanks" PLANTAGENET on 18 Oct 1254 in Abbey Of Las Huelgas, Burgos, Castile, Spain. Edward (son of King Henry III PLANTAGENET, Of England and Countess Eleanor BERENGER, Of Provence) was born on 18 Jun 1239 in Palace of Westminster, Westminster, Middlesex, England; was christened on 22 Jun 1239 in Westminster, London, Middlesex, England; died on 7 Jul 1307 in Near Calais, Scotland Enroute Battle With Scotts; was buried on 27 Oct 1307 in Westminster Abbey, Westminster, Middlesex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: GX3Y-653
• _UID: 47009C0B2DCE4A76ACA3342FA376FF3AADA5

Luis married about 1268 in Of, Marchena, Sevilla, Spain. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: G7C9-V1P

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• FamilySearch ID: LYS8-7ZL
• _UID: FD89FCCD8BC74D10BBF7FA7980C58FFDF4E7

Notes:

He was the Senor de Marchena.

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• FamilySearch ID: L8MJ-ZGM
• Military: ; Admiral
• _UID: 6E9EE34E653C45EA95F91A184ED24A01388C
• TitleOfNobility: Aft 1264, England; 1st Lord of Mendelsham and 1st Baron Botetourt and Sir
• Occupation: 1304, Suffolk, England; Governor of Framlingham Castle
• Occupation: Between 1305 and 1324; Member of Parliament

Notes:

"Royal Ancestry: A Study in Colonial & Medieval Families," Douglas Richardson (2013):
"MAUD FITZ THOMAS, born about 1269-72 (aged 26 in 1295, aged 30 in 1302). She married before June 1282 JOHN BOTETOURT (or BUTETURTE, BOUTECOURTE, BOTECOURT, BUTECOURT), Knt., of Little Effingham and Upton, Norfolk, Great Bradley, Suffolk, etc., and, in right of his wife, of Mendlesham, Suffolk, Bromham, Cardington, Dilewick, Renhold, and Wootton, Bedfordshire, Linslade, Buckinghamshire, Hamerton, Huntingdonshire, Shelsley Beauchamp, Worcestershire, etc., Admiral of the North Fleet, Warden of the Forest of Dean and Constable of St. Briayels Castle, 1291-1308, Governor of Framlingham Castle, son and heir of Guy Botetourt, Knt., of Little Effingham, Cantley, Cranworth, Fishley, Kimberley, Upton, and Woodrising, Norfolk, by his wife, Ada. They had four sons, Thomas, Knt., John, K.B., Otes, Knt., and Robert, and three daughters, Joan, Ada, and Elizabeth. He began his household career as a falconer in the 1270s. He first campaigned in Wales in 1282 as a squire of the household. His wife, Maud, was co-heiress in 1283 to her brother, Otes Fitz Thomas, and sole heiress in 1285 to her sister, Joan, wife of Guy Ferre, by which she inherited the hereditary office of coiner of the Mint, together with the manors of Mendlesham, Suffolk, Belchamp Otton, Gestingthorpe, and Gosfield, Essex, Woodmancote, Gloucestershire, Hamerton, Huntingdonshire, Shelsley Beauchamp, Worcestershire, and a one-third share of the barony of Bedford, Bedfordshire. In 1286 he claimed view of frankpledge and free warren in Hamerton, Huntingdonshire. Sometime in the period, 1291-1302, Maud was heiress to her cousin, Joan, daughter of Hugh Fitz Otes, Knt., by which she inherited the manor of Isetthampstead (in Chesham), Buckinghamshire. In 1292-3 he was a justice of gaol delivery in Warwickshire and Leicestershire. In 1293 he and his wife Maud his wife quitclaimed to the Abbot of Colchester their right to the advowson of the church of Hamerton, Huntingdonshire. In 1294 when the king faced the threat of French galleys raiding the south coast of England, he appointed two household knights, William de Leyboume and John Botetourt as captain and sub-captain of the fleet. In the following year they were described as admirals - the first use of the term in England. In 1296 he commanded 94 ships taken from ports between Harwich and King's Lynn, the great majority from Yarmouth. In 1298 and 1299 he served on four commissions of oyer and terminer. In 1298 he had letters of protection for one year, he then going to Scotland. He was accompanied in that campaign by his younger brother, Guy Botetourt, and his valet, William Botetourt. In 1300 he complained William de Wolcherchehaw, taverner, beat one of his carters and did "other enormities;" the defendant came into court and pledged a cask of wine to him. He was present at the Siege of Caerlaverock in 1300; the metrical chronicler of that siege described him as "light of heart and doing good to all." The same year he was appointed one of three commissioners to inquire into cases of exportation of sterling money, gold and silver, plate, wool, etc., and the exchange of the same for base coin which was imported into England and unlawfully changed. He signed the Barons' letter to Pope Boniface VIII in 1301. In 1304 he led a raid into Nithsdale with 130 cavalry and 1,770 infantry. The same year the king ordered him to assist Robert de Brus, then on the English side, in transporting one great engine in preparation of the siege train for the siege of Stirling in Scotland. He was summoned to Parliament from 13 July 1305 to 13 Sept. 1324, by writs directed Jobanni Botetourt, whereby he may be held to have become Lord Botetourt. In 1305 he was appointed one of the justices of trailbaston. The same year he was sent to treat with the Scots on the affairs of that kingdom. In 1306 he enrolled himself as performing the service of one knight in Scotland, but in fact he had a contingent of three knights and eleven squires with him. In 1307 he again commanded a raid against the Scots. Sometime before 1309-10, he and his wife, Maud, conveyed land in Linslade, Buckinghamshire to William Rous. In 1309-10 William Fitz Walter conveyed the manor of Great Bradley, Suffolk to him and his wife, Maud. In 1310 he obtained a license to alienate lands and rents in Mendlesham, Suffolk in mot twain to the value of 100s. for a chaplain to celebrate in Mendlesham church. In 1311 he and his wife, Maud, were granted the reversion of the manors of Fulbourn, Cambridgeshire and Great Carbrooke, Norfolk by Baldwin de Manners, Knt., who died childless in 1320. John sold the former manor to William la Zouche Mortimer, Knt., Lord Zouche, and Alice his wife in 1323; the latter manor was held in 1327 by John Botetourt's son-in-law, William le Latimer. In 1312 John Botetourt and several others were granted letters of safe-conduct by the king to confer in London with Arnold, Cardinal of St. Prisca, and Louis, Count of Evreux, who were sent to help effect a reconciliation between King Edward II and the disaffected earls. In 1314 he commanded the fleet employed in the expedition against Scotland. The same year Peter de Burgate, Knt., released all his right in the manor of Mendlesham, Suffolk to him and his wife, Maud. In 1315 he complained that those recruited for his company were "feeble chaps, not strong enough, not properly dressed, and lacking bows and arrows." In 1316 he presented his brother, Master Roger Botetourt, as rector of Great Bradley, Suffolk. In 1318 he again presented to the church of Great Bradley, Suffolk. The same year he and his wife, Maud, complained that Richard, Abbot of St. Edmunds, William de Cleye, and many others came to Tivetshall, Norfolk, where Maud and some of the servants of the said John were lodged, maliciously raised a hue and cry against them, expelled the said Maud and the servants from the inn, carried away the goods of the said John, and assaulted the said servants. Either he or his grandson, John Botetourt, was heir sometime after 1318-19 to his brother, William Botetourt, by which he inherited the manor of Cantley, Norfolk. In 1319 he and his wife, Maud, sold the manor of Woodmancote, Gloucestershire to Robert de Swynburn. In 1320 he obtained a license to alienate one acre of land in Fishley, Norfolk, together with the advowson of a moiety of the church of Fishley, Norfolk, to the Prior and Convent of St. Mary's, Weybridge, and for them to appropriate the said moiety, to find a chaplain to celebrate divine services for the soul of the said John and the souls of his ancestors. In 1321 he and his wife, Maud, sold the manor of Shelsley Beauchamp, Worcestershire to John de Wysham, Knt., and his wife, Hawise de Poynings; in 1322-3 he conveyed the manor and advowson of the church of Little Effingham, Norfolk to the same couple. John joined the rebellion of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, and fought at the Battle of Boroughbridge 16 March 1321/2. He was subsequently fined ?1000, and received a pardon 8 October 1322. In 1323 he and his wife, Maud, conveyed the manor of Isenhampstead Chesham), Buckinghamshire to Hugh le Despenser the younger, but, on Hugh's execution and attainder in 1326, the manor escheated to the crown and custody was re-granted to Maud Botetourt. In 1323-4 they made a settlement of the manor of Great Carbrooke, Norfolk, evidently in connection with the marriage of their daughter, Elizabeth, to William le Latimer, as William was lord of this manor in 1327. In 1324 John paid the Italian bankers, the Peruzzi, 100 marks, evidently in payment of a debt he owed to Hugh le Despenser the younger. SIR JOHN BOTETOURT, 1st Lord Botetourt, died 25 Nov. 1324. In 1325 his widow, Maud, sued Andrew de Bures, Robert de Bures and his wife, Hillary, and John de Wysham and his wife, Hawise, for one third part of the manor of Little Effingham, Norfolk, which she claimed as her dower. In 1327 she likewise sued Robert son of John Botetourt, John de Wynchestre and others regarding unspecified land in Suffolk. In 1328 she obtained a license to enfeoff Master William Artoys of a messuage and land in Renhold, Bedfordshire. On 12 Nov. 1328 she obtained a license to convey to her daughter and son-in-law, Elizabeth and William le Latimer, her share of the barony of Bedford, Bedfordshire, including the manors of Bromham, Cardington, Dilewick, Renhold, and Wootton, Bedfordshire. Maud, Lady Botetourt, died shortly before 27 Nov. 1328. In May 1329 her son-in-law, William le Latimer, was pardoned for having previously purchased from her without license the hereditary office of coiner of the Mint. In 1330 John and Maud's son, Otes Botetourt, obtained a license to alienate in mortrnain a messuage, 30 acres of land, and 30s. in rent in Mendlesham, Suffolk to a chaplain to celebrate divine services in the parish church of Mendlesham for the souls of his parents.
(Note: F.N. Craig published a brilliant article entitled "The Parentage of John Botetourt (died 1324)" in TAG 63 (1988): 145-153, which article provides compelling evidence that Sir John Botetourt, 1st Lord Botetourt, is the son and heir of Sir Guy Botetourt (died c.1316), of Effingham, Norfolk, by his wife, Ada (living 1311-12). Specifically, Mr. Craig showed that Sir Guy Botetourt had the manors of Effingham (his chief seat), Uphall (in Cantley), and Upton, Norfolk, all of which passed to Sir John Botetourt, 1st Lord Botetourt, or his descendants. For additional evidence of Sir John Botetourt's parentage, see Byerly & Byerly Recs. of the Wardrobe & Household 1286-1289 (1986): 258, which mentions Robert brother of John Botetourt. This Robert appears to be the same individual as Robert son of Guy Botetourt, a priest, who occurs in 1306; a Roger son of Guy Botetourt, also a priest, is named in 1306 [see Papal Regs.: Letters 2 (1895): 15, 211. In 1294 Roger Botetourt and his brother Robert [presumably

John married Maud FITZTHOMAS before Jun 1292. Maud (daughter of Sir Thomas FITZOTTO and Beatrice DE BEAUCHAMP) was born about 1265 in Mendlesham, Suffolk, England; died on 28 May 1329 in Mendlesham, Suffolk, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• _UID: F13D8E303274485B8C93F1ABDB83CFCBE8EE

Eleanor married on 20 Sep 1293. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: GJTF-JYF
• _UID: 396B987D68154E99A0CB27406C811D9D9673

Notes:

She was the Princess of England.

Eleanora married on 20 Sep 1293 in Bristol, Gloucestershire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: LJ58-VHW
• _UID: DA67C5C2D7FA47A0BDA11ACCEAF218AF67C5

Notes:

He was the Prince of Englnd.

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• _UID: AE8B6B47ADAC4A42820E3C61A0CCD0144D87

Notes:

She was the Princess of England.

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• Affiliation: ; House of Plantagenet
• FamilySearch ID: 9MK6-P6Z
• TitleOfNobility: ; Countess of Gloucester
• TitleOfNobility: ; Countess of Hertford

Notes:

Joan was a remarkably active woman in the dozen years following the Red Earl's death. By the terms of the marriage agreement of 1290, the entire inheritance was off jointly on Gilbert and Joan. This meant that it would not be possible for her father Edward I to grant her only a third of the estates and control the rest himself during the long minority of her son Gilbert. Joan was thus sole mistress of the inheritance, and she controlled it with marked ability. In1297, much to Edward's displeasure, she secretly married another wise obscure knight in her *familia*, Ralph de Monthermer (d. 1325). Ralph was styled earl of Gloucester *jure uxoris* and for the next decade administered the estates with the king's daughter. After Joan's death, his rights to the estates and title lapsed, and he was thenceforth treated as an ordinary baron. His children by Joan of Acre were likewise excluded from the inheritance, and had no future connection with the Clares, aside from a daugher, Mary, who was married in 1307 to Duncan,son and heir of Duncan, earl of Fife, and Joan, the Red Earl's daughter by his first marriage to Alice de Lusignan. Joan of Acre died in April, 1307, but during her tenure of the inheritance important modifications were introduced in its administrative structure. After Isabella de Fortibus, dowager countess of Devon and Aumale (1262 93), Countess Joan stands as perhaps the best example in thirteenth century English historyof the ability of a widow to run the estates and otherwise manage the complex affairs of a great comital house."

Joan of Acre died in April, 1307, but during her tenure of the inheritance of Gloucester important modifications were introduced in its administrative structure. After Isabella de Fortibus, dowager countess of Devon and Aumale (1262-93), Countess Joan stands as perhaps the best example in thirteenth century English history of the ability of a widow to run the estates and otherwise manage the complex affairs of a great comital house."
--- Michael Altschul, *A Baronial Family in Medieval England: The Clares,
1217-1314*, Baltimore MD (Johns Hopkins Press) 1965. p 38-39.

Gilbert de Clare was not young when he married the fiery-spirited, sloe-eyed Joanna and took her to live at his country retreat in Clerkenwell not far from the Tower, where the king and queen were again in residence. She left for her new home with great fanfare, laden with royal gifts. After being a widow a year, she secretly married a completely unknown squire in her husbands retinue, Ralph de Monthermer. Through this marriage he became possessed in his own right of the earldoms of Gloucester & Hertford. The fact that a royal princess had dared to marry this obscure fellow became a cause celebr which for a time separated her from the affection of her father. It proved to be a marriage, however, leading ultimately to a firm friendship between the new son-in-law and Edward.

*********

Joan married Gilbert I "The Red Earl" De CLARE, Sir Knight/9Th Earl/Gloucester on 9 May 1290 in Westminster, Middlesex, England. Gilbert (son of Richard De CLARE and Maud De LACY) was born on 2 Sep 1243 in Christchurch, Hampshire, England; died on 7 Dec 1295 in Monmouth Castle, Monmouthshire, Wales; was buried on 22 Dec 1295 in Tewkesbury Abbey, Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Joan married Ralph De MONTHERMER, 1st Lord/Keeper Cardiff Castle/Earl Hertford/Glouc in Jan 1297 in Akko, Hazafon, Israel. Ralph was born in 1262 in Stokenham, Devonshire, England; died on 5 Apr 1325 in Salisbury, Wiltshire, England; was buried in 1325 in Grey Friar's Church, Salisbury, Wiltshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: 9CJ3-G7S
• _UID: 77472B3EC23C47B380E0332406B46DE6E3D0

Notes:

He was the Earl Of Chester, and Prince of England.

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• FamilySearch ID: GJTF-C79
• _UID: 23660DAFABEE4EFA8B250301EDEA87457D0E

Margaret married in 1290 in Westminster Abbey, Westminster, Middlesex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: KVVQ-YGQ
• _UID: 27EAF878B1C54DE2B67DC41E92438553E83C

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• FamilySearch ID: GJTF-RMD
• _UID: 20F13E2D066C4A4684CCD073B79948933CAF

Notes:

Died:
She never married.

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• FamilySearch ID: GJTF-HVB
• _UID: 7A9BDE22BD2C47B3B7335D503460EFA5B7B2

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• FamilySearch ID: GJTF-ZHZ
• _UID: E735FF640B814B529EF3E0E00D76CEB5FF8C

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• FamilySearch ID: MCT9-W4B
• _UID: 19DF7AEB3A8D4D5296B75373888D1B626828

Elizabeth married on 14 Nov 1302 in Westminster Abbey, London, Middlesex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: GJTF-8YN
• _UID: 4D45707B714144CE99E59AFD9C6F0885EE21

Notes:

!BIR: ROYAL ANCESTORS 10/88

!Our Noble & Gentle Families of Royal Descent Together with Their Paternal

Ancestry by Joseph Foster p 39 1884 Edition:

!NAME-PARENTS-SPOUSE-CHILD:Gary Boyd Roberts, THE ROYAL DESCENTS OF 500

IMMIGRANTS;884-1952; publ 1993,Baltimore, Md.; p 227

Elizabeth married Lord Humphrey DE BOHUN, VIII on 14 Nov 1302 in Abbey, Westminster, Middlesex, England. Humphrey (son of Earl Humphrey DE BOHUN, VII and Maud DE FIENNES) was born in 1276 in Pleshey Castle, Essex, England; died on 16 Mar 1321-1322 in Boroughbridge, York, England; was buried in 1321-1322 in Friars Preachers, York, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: GJTF-37L
• _UID: FD1A5019E5BF43038C1E954300866869436F

Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: L19M-VCD
• _UID: 28DB362069BA4591A92E3343B3DAF7305321

Notes:

Edward II (1284-1327), Plantagenet king of England (1307-1327), whose incompetence and distaste for government finally led to his deposition and murder. Edward was born on April 25, 1284, at Caernarfon (Caernarvon), Wales, the fourth son of King Edward I and his first wife, Eleanor of Castile. The deaths of his older brothers made the infant prince heir to the throne; in 1301 he was proclaimed Prince of Wales, the first heir apparent in English history to bear that title. The prince was idle and frivolous, with no liking for military campaigning or affairs of state. Believing that the prince's close friend Piers Gaveston, a Gascon knight, was a bad influence on the prince, Edward I banished Gaveston. On his father's death, however, Edward II recalled his favorite. Gaveston incurred the opposition of the powerful English barony. The nobles were particularly angered in 1308, when Edward made Gaveston regent for the period of the king's absence in France, where he went to marry Isabella, daughter of King Philip IV. In 1311 the barons, led by Thomas, earl of Lancaster, forced the king to appoint from among them a committee of 21 nobles and prelates, called the lords ordainers. They proclaimed a series of ordinances that transferred the ruling power to themselves and excluded the commons and lower clergy from Parliament. After they had twice forced the king to banish Gaveston, and the king had each time recalled him, the barons finally had the king's favorite kidnapped and executed.

Edward married on 25 Jan 1307-1308 in Boulogne Cathedral, Pas-DE-Calais, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Edward married Isabella Of FRANCE in 1308 in France. Isabella (daughter of King Philip IV Of FRANCE and Countess Joanna (Jeanne) DE NAVARRE) was born in 1292 in Paris, Seine, Ile-DE-France, France; died on 22 Aug 1358 in Hertford Castle, Hertfordshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: GJTF-2KG
• _UID: 8919832030E14D8AA58CB35769581C5095AD

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• FamilySearch ID: GJTF-NCV
• _UID: 60B2A9CC7525457294E9564CADC7A8E6F98D

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• FamilySearch ID: GF3L-F7Q
• _UID: B222EDC14649463D9EBDEA65C4A839BA9DF1

Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: L6Q4-LQ6
• _UID: A1B01317C0F5417F8A478F00560331A88223

Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: LJLC-G47
• _UID: 66B46B8DA3E34AA1A87FBFEA931BC89A636D

Family/Spouse: John De ST. PHILIBERT. John (son of Sir Hugh Baron De ST. PHILIBERT and Alice) was born about 1287; died before 12 Feb 1332-1333. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: LYYM-7CH
• _UID: C58AD792A9C8411697DC3A19CAAE5E6E8A57

Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: GJTV-M9Y
• _UID: DF8182B9A74C427CAC4C80E383F693DA8DD9

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• AFN: B66D-HL
• FamilySearch ID: GXCF-8ZY

Notes:

DEATH: CAUSE Slain at Battle of Bannockburn.

"When the Red Earl [Gilbert (3)] married King Edward [I]'s daughter [Joan
of Acre], the inheritance was entailed on their issue; Gilbert's daughters
by Alice de Lusignan were excluded as potential heiresses in the event of
the failure of the male line. Ironically, the king's provise became operative, with serious political consequences for Edward II. The earl's only son Gilbert [the present Gilbert (4)], born in 1291, was styled earl of Gloucester in 1307, shortly after the death of his mother and the consequent reversion of his stepfather, Ralph de Monthermer, to ordinary baronial status. The young Earl Gilbert was also the last. His tenure of the inheritance was brief. On June 24, 1314, he was killed at the battle of Bannockburn, and with his death the male line of the senior branch of the family became extinct. In 1308 Gilbert had married Maud, daughter of Richard de Burgh, earl of Ulster, but they had no children, or at least no surviving issue. According to the compiler of the *Flores Historiarum*, there was a son John who was born in April 1312 and who died before the end of the year. The accuracy of the chronicle on matters of this sort is often suspect, but the authenticity of the statement has been accepted by modern peerage writers. In December, 1314, Maud de Burgh was granted dower, but this was intended only as a temporary and precautionary measure, since she claimed to be pregnant. For nearly three years thereafter [!!!], the countess continued to insist on her pregnancy, but in 1317 Edward II, who had hoped that the birth of a child would preserve the inheritance intact, reluctantly concluded that her claims were spurious. n November of that year, the great Clare inheritance was partitioned among the husbands of the last Earl Gilbert's full sisters, and after the countess' death in 1320, her dower portion was likewise divided."
--- Michael Altschul, *A Baronial Family in Medieval England: The Clares, 1217-1314*, Baltimore MD (Johns Hopkins Press) 1965. p 39-40.

Earl Gilbert served the king better than most of the other great magnates of the realm. He quickly distinguished himself in the Scottish campaigns. But individual efforts displayed by such men as Gilbert or Aymer de Valence, the new earl of Pembroke, were not an adequate substitute for a concerted series of campaigns against the Scots utilizing the full resources of the realm.
Between 1307 and 1313, Robert Bruce was able to subdue Inverness, Dundee,
and Perth, thus securing the entire region north of the Tay River, and to begin attacking the center of English power in lothian; and Edward [II], faced with financial crisis and growing political dissension at home, was unable to contain him. (P) Earl Gilbert maintained a middle ground in the struggle between king and baronage. Gilbert's mediating influence, however, had little effect on the program of reform. The greatest problem facing the king [Edward II] after his reconciliation with [Thomas] Lancaster was the steady advance of Robert Bruce who by March, 1314, had secured the strategic castle of Roxburgh and Edinburgh and even attacked Berwick itself. His main objective was Stirling, the last remaining English stronghold north of the Tweed, but Edward was determined to retain it at all costs. Accordingly, the king raised a large army of foot and cavalry and set north, coming within three miles of the castle on June 23. The front line of the army was commanded by the earls of Gloucester and Hereford. Gilbert engaged in a brief skirmish with the Scots on the 23rd, but although unhorsed, escaped without injurt. The next day he advised Edward to order a day's rest for the army. The king foolishly spurned his advice as deceitful and treacherous. Gilbert retorted sharply and impetuously plunged into battle. He led a gallant charge against the Scots line commanded by Robert's brother Edward, but failed to receive adequate support from his own troops or the English bowmen. His horse was cut down, and Gilbert, deserted by his followers, was slain. His body was later recovered from Robert Bruce and brought back to Tewkesbury Abbey for burial at the right hand of his father. Earl Gilbert's death marked the beginning of a complete rout of the English forces. Scottish independence was assured. (P) Gilbert de Clare, the last member of the senior branch of the family in the male line, was also one of its most attractive. In spite of his youth he displayed qualities of leadership and military ability which held great promise. Had he not been killed, he might have continued to exercise a salutary effect on the relations between the king and the barons led by Thomas of Lancaster, which would have mitigated the worst excesses of the period immediately following Bannockburn. As it was, his consistent efforts to effect a moderate solution in the struggle between the two factions did much to prevent the outbreak of civil war before his death. He had served the king valiantly to the last."
--- Michael Altschul, *A Baronial Family in Medieval England: The Clares, 1217-1314*, Baltimore MD (The Johns Hopkins Press) 1965, p 159-164 passim

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• FamilySearch ID: LD93-WKS
• _UID: 719E2F8F9A5B4F74A54B9A6FF3BED9373F5D

Notes:

SOURCE: Nat. Dic. of Bio.; Complete Peerage vol III; Banks Dormant Peerage vol
III; The Royal Daughter of England Eng120 p.182-3; The Royal Line (Adamic
Genealogy) March 1980, Albert F. Schedule was committed to the Tower, 17 Nov. 1326 (before the execution of her husband). Her lands were restored to her, 22 Apr. 1328, and the King took her homage and fealty therefor, 11 May following. Before Jan. 1328/9 she was abducted from
Hanley Castle by Sir William La Zouche de Mortimer, of Ashby, co. Leicester, who (subsequently) married her. Soon afterwards this William, accompanied by her, was besieging her castle of Caerphilly, and orders for their arrest issued, 5 Feb.
1328/9. She was imprisoned in the Tower and then in Devizes Castle, and though ordered to be released by the King and his Council did not regain her liberty till after 6 Jan 1329/30. [on the same day she was kidnapped from Hanley Castle by
Zouche] John de Grey [of Rotherfield] claiming her as his wife, obtained a commission of oyer and terminer. He was still claiming her as late as May 1333, having in the interval pursued her, with little success, through various ecclesiastical
courts, the Pope having been appealed to a at least three times. In Jan. 1331/2 he had hot words with his rival before the King and the council. "Et apres les choudes paroles si mist le dit monsire Johan mayn au cotel et treit en partie, mes
ne mie tut hors de gayne." For this he was imprisoned, and his lands taken into the King's hand, for a couple of months. ---------------------------- She was charged with having stolen from the Tower jewels and treasure of great value [these
were probably her late husband's, his wardrobe having been there]. In the petition she stated that Roger de Mortimer, late Earl of March, had said openly tht she would not be released till she and her husband had surrendered to the King her
lands of Glamorgan and Morgannoc, and the manors of Hanley and Tewkesbury, which Roger coveted. Accordingly, by indenture dated 30 Dec. 3 Edw. III, they granted all these lands to the King, the same to be restored to the premises for a fine of L10,000 in one day, and they were pardoned 22 Feb. following. On 19 Jan. 1330/1, after Mortimer had been hanged, they recovered the premises for a fine fo L10,000, reduced 3 days afterwards to L5,000. On 13 Oct. 1335 they were pardoned a futher 2,000 marks, but the fine was not paid in full during their lives. She was committed to the Tower, 17 Nov. 1326 (before the execution of her husband).

Eleanore married Lord Hugh "The Younger" LE DESPENCER on 1 May 1306 in Westminister, London, Middlesex, England. Hugh (son of Hugh III "The Elder" Le DESPENCER, Sir/Earl Winchester and Isabel De BEAUCHAMP) was born in 1287 in Barton, Gloucestershire, England; died on 24 Nov 1326 in Hereford, Herefordshire, England; was buried in Tewkesbury Abbey, Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events:

• FamilySearch ID: KN8D-HH9
• TitleOfNobility: Between 1307 and 1342; Countess of Cornwall
• Order to live at Sempringham Priory: 1322, Sempringham Abbey, Sempringham, Lincolnshire, England

Notes:

Margaret de Clare, Countess of Gloucester, Countess of Cornwall (12 October 1293-9 April 1342), was an English noblewoman, heiress, and the second eldest of the three daughters of Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford and his wife, Joan of Acre, making her a granddaughter of King Edward I of England. Her two husbands were Piers Gaveston and Hugh de Audley, 1st Earl of Gloucester.

Marriage to Piers Gaveston
She was married to Piers Gaveston, the favourite of her uncle Edward II on 7 November 1307. At the time of her marriage she was 14 years of age. According to the Vita Edwardi Secundi, this marriage was arranged by the King "to strengthen Piers and surround him with friends". Lord Gaveston celebrated the marriage with a lavish tournament at Wallingford Castle. The marriage of such a high-born heiress to a foreigner did not please the English nobility and engendered a great deal of unpopularity. Their daughter, Amy de Gaveston, was born on 6 January 1312 in Tonbridge Castle, Kent, England. It is alleged that they had another child named Joan de Gaveston born around 1310, but there is little evidence outside of hearsay to validate this claim. There are also claims that Amy was born to a mistress of Piers Gaveston. However, the evidence is circumstantial and the official records list Amy de Gaveston as born to Lord de Gaveston and Lady de Clare.

King Edward arranged a lavish celebration after the birth of this little girl, complete with minstrels. However, Piers Gaveston was executed only six months later, leaving Margaret a widow with a small child. Her dower rights as Countess of Cornwall were disputed, and so King Edward instead assigned her Oakham Castle and other lands. She joined the Royal household and in 1316 accompanied the King in his journey from London to York.

Inheritance and second marriage
Following the death of their brother, Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Hertford, at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, Margaret and her sisters, Elizabeth and Eleanor de Clare received a share of the inheritance. Margaret was now one of the co-heiresses to the vast Gloucester estate, and King Edward arranged a second marriage for her to another favourite, Hugh de Audley, 1st Earl of Gloucester. She was High Sheriff of Rutland from 1313 to 1319. On 28 April 1317 Margaret de Clare wed Hugh de Audley, 1st Earl of Gloucester at Windsor Castle. They had one daughter: Margaret de Audley, born between January 1318 and November 1320.

Despenser War
Hugh and Margaret were among the victims of their brother-in-law, Hugh the younger Despenser. In his rashness and greed for the Clare lands, he robbed Margaret of much of her rightful inheritance. In 1321, Hugh de Audley joined the other Marcher Barons in looting, burning, and causing general devastation to Despenser's lands which subsequently became the Despenser War. Hugh was captured at the Battle of Boroughbridge in 1322, and was saved from a hanging thanks to the pleas of his wife. He was imprisoned, and two months later Margaret was sent to Sempringham Priory in Lincolnshire. She remained there until 1326, when Hugh escaped prison and she was released from Sempringham.

Countess of Gloucester
Hugh and Margaret were reunited sometime in 1326. In summer 1336, their only daughter, Margaret Audley, was abducted by Ralph Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford. Her parents filed a complaint, but King Edward III of England supported Stafford. He appeased Hugh and Margaret by creating Hugh Earl of Gloucester. Margaret was henceforth styled Countess of Gloucester.

Death
Margaret died on 9 April 1342 and her sister Lady Elizabeth de Clare paid for prayers to be said for her soul at Tonbridge Priory located in Kent, England, where she was buried.

Margaret married Piers GAVESTON, 1st Earl of Cornwall on 1 Nov 1307 in Tonbridge, Kent, England. Piers was born about 1284 in Hill, Warwickshire, England; died on 19 Jun 1312 in Hill, Warwickshire, England; was buried in Jul 1312 in King's Langley, Hertfordshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Margaret married Hugh DE AUDLEY on 28 Apr 1317 in Windsor, Berkshire, England. Hugh (son of Sir Hugh DE AUDLEY, 1st Baron Audley of Stratton Audley and Iseult LE RUS) was born in 1289 in Stratton Audley, Oxfordshire, England; died on 10 Nov 1347 in Tonbridge, Kent, England; was buried after 10 Nov 1347 in Tonbridge Priory, Tonbridge, Kent, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events:

• FamilySearch ID: LD7H-DX2

Notes:

BIRTH: 3rd and youngest dau.

DOCUMENTS: DEATH=Leaving a willThere is conflict between the sources as to whom she actually married.

- Michael Altschul, *A Baronial Family in Medieval England: The Clares, 1217-1314*, Baltimore MD (The Johns Hopkins Press) 1965, concerning the partition of the de CLARE estates after the death of the last Gilbert, p 170-171: Rogery Damory and Elizabeth took the bulk of the honor of Clare in East Anglia, including the castle and manor of Clare and the pleas of the honor court, as well as Cranbourne and the other Dorset manors and boroughs. In addition, each heir acquired two-ninths of the liberty of Kilkenny in Ireland, although there is no evidence that any of them every visited it. (P) The death of the countess in the summer of 1320 completed the division of the estates among th heirs. Maud probably died on July 2, and the properties she held in dower must have been partitioned shortly thereafter. Each received an equal portion of her third of Kilkenny. The partition of the Clare estates has been described as "the most important territorial upheaval of the reign."
[Denham-Young *Vita Edwardi Secundi, pp xii-xiii*]"

**********

Elizabeth de Clare, b. Tewkesbury 16 Sep 1295, d. 4 Nov 1360, daughter of Sir Gilbert de Clare (28-4) and Joan Plantagenet, daughter of Edward I, King of England and Eleanor of Castile. [Magna Charta Sureties]
----------------------------------------------
Elizabeth, sister and coheir of Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester, daughter of Gilbert, 6th Earl and Joan of Acre [;m. (1) 30 Sep 1308 John de Burgh, b. c 1290, dvp 18 June 1313]. She m. (2) 4 Feb 1315/6 as (2) wife, Theobald de Verdun, Knight, Lord Verdun, b. 8 Sep 1278, d. 27 July 1316; m. (3) by 3 May 1317 Roger Damory, Lord Damory, d. 13-14 Mar 1321/2. She died 4 Nov 1360, age 65, leaving a will. [Ancestral Roots]
------------------------------------------------
He [John de Burgh] married, 30 September 1308, at Waltham Abbey, Essex, in the King's presence, Elizabeth, sister and coheir of Gilbert (DE CLARE), 7th EARL OF GLOUCESTER AND HERTFORD, 3rd and youngest daughter of Gilbert, 6th EARL OF GLOUCESTER AND HERTFORD, by his 2nd wife, Joan, "of Acre," daughter of EDWARD I. Elizabeth, who was born 16 September 1295 at Tewkesbury, came to Ireland, 15 October 1309. John died v.p. 18 June 1313 at Galway. His widow, who received the Honor of Clare in her purparty of her brother's estates, married, 4 February 1315/16, near Bristol, as his 2nd wife, Theobald DE VERDUN [LORD VERDUN], who died 27 July following and was buried 19 September at Croxden Abbey, Staffs. She married, 3rdly, before 3 May 1317, Roger DAMORY [LORD DAMORY], who died 13 or 14 March 1321/2. She died 4 November 1360, aged 65. M.I. to her and her 3rd husband in St. Mary's, Ware. Will, desiring burial in the Convent of the Minoresses without Aldgate, London, dated 25 September 1355, proved 3 December 1360.] [Complete Peerage XII/2:177-8, (transcribed by Dave Utzinger)]
-------------------------
He [Roger Damory] married, about April (before 3 May) 1317, Elizabeth 3rd sister of the whole blood and coheir of Gilbert EARL OF GLOUCESTER AND HERTFORD, daughter of Gilbert (DE CLARE), EARL OF GLOUCESTER AND HERTFORD, by his 2nd wife, Joan OF ACRE, daughter of KING EDWAID I. She had married, 1stly, 30 September 1308, at Waltham Abbey, in the King's presence, John DE BURGH (son and heir apparent of Richard, EARL OF ULSTER), who died v.p., 18 June 1313, at Galway; and, 2ndly, as 2nd wife, 4 February 1315/6, near Bristol, against the King's will and without his licence, Sir Theo bald DE VERDUN, of Alton, co. Stafford [LORD VERDUN], who died at Alton Castle, 27 July, and was buried 19 September 1316, in Croxden Abbey. She, who had livery of her dower, 6 December 1316, had, with her 3rd husband, livery of the knights' fees and advowsons of her said dower, 26 June, of her dower [IRL], 26 September, and, the King having taken his fealty 22 May, of her inheritance, 15 November 1317. He died 13 or 14 March 1321/2, at Tutbury Castle, and was buried in St. Mary's, Ware. On 16 March his widow was imprisoned in the Abbey of Barking, and there, under duress and fear of death for herself and her son, was forced to grant her lordships in Wales to the younger Despenser and his wife. She had livery of her inheritance in England and Ireland, 2 November 1322. At Christmas following, at the instigation of the younger Despenser, she was placed under arrest at York, till she signed a bond by which she undertook not to marry nor to dispose of any of her lands without the King's licence, on pain of forfeiting all she possessed . Her lands were taken into the King's hand, 7 January 1322/3, as she had left the King without his licence. They were restored to her, 17 February 1326/7, and the King took her homage therefore, 20 December 1327. She endowed University Hall, Cambridge, 8 April 1336, becoming Founder thereof, 6 April 1338. Founder (lic. 1 February 1346/7) of a House of Friars: Minors at Walsingham, Norfolk. She, who was aged 19 or 20 at her brother's death in 1314, died 4 November 1360, and was buried, with her 3rd husband, in St. Mary's, Ware. [Complete Peerage IV:42-45, (transcribed by Dave Utzinger)]

************

Elizabeth married John DE BURGE on 30 Sep 1308 in Waltham Abbey, Essex, England. John was born about 1290; and died. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Elizabeth married on 4 Feb 1315-1316. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Elizabeth married before 3 May 1317 in (Her 3Rd Marr.). [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: LVYV-WH8

Other Events:

• AFN: 9BCX-D2
• FamilySearch ID: LYXQ-G6C
• _UID: AB2A8D42CE9C4B97910A024AF0A7B9E70E29

Notes:

DEATH: CAUSE Killed in battle.Sir Thomas de Monthermer, Lord Monthermer, born 4 Oct 1301, knighted 1327, slain at battle of Sluys, 24 June 1340; married Margaret, died May 1349, probably widow of Henry Tyeys, Lord Tyeys. [Magna Charta Sureties]
--------------------------
Thomas de Monthermer, Lord Monthermer, was constantly employed in the military service of the crown, his name, therefore, does not occur in the enrolment of the summonses to parliament. He was killed in a sea fight with the French in 1340, leaving by Margaret, his wife, an only dau. and heiress, Margaret de Monthermer. [Sir Bernard Burke, Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited and Extinct Peerages, Burke's Peerage Ltd, London, England, 1883, p. 379, Monthermer, Baron Monthermer, Earl of Gloucester and Hertford]

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Thomas married in (Her 2ND Of 2). [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: G3H9-D8K

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• FamilySearch ID: 9CNJ-5JM

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• _UID: 140CD10D87AE44118D323006F84A57BCD246

Alinore married in 1327. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• _UID: 0852890A255F456C8C72EFF9D48C50AA62D0

Margaret married about Jul 1330. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• _UID: D451F4615C3E46E5BBD751D09FD5BCB0D2D9

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• _UID: 03D96E91FEDC43BB940A61442237B02E2D10

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• _UID: 98E564D6B73048E6B4178F619AF6DA6152AA

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• _UID: EF523FA003A349EF861243DFABCCB0553416

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• _UID: 05D392118E59455BA9B10CAF9AD0C26EB182

Margaret married Earl Hugh DE COURTENAY, I on 11 Aug 1325 in France. Hugh (son of Earl Hugh DE COURTENAY, II and Agnes ST. JOHN) was born on 12 Jul 1303 in Okehampton, Devonshire, England; died on 2 May 1377 in Exeter, Devonshire, England; was buried in 1377 in Cathedral, Exeter, Devon, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• _UID: FBE1440677C2482C9EBA8F386974F5480CD5

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• _UID: BB7798E7394C4D6889B4FA14F83A3496324E

Notes:

He was the Earl of Northampton.

William married between 1335 and 1338. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• _UID: 7AAE6F0BF862446E9B1F407F0255DDB10CED

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• _UID: BBC5E08A7FE7450EBC1705FC231EDC069ABD

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• _UID: E47CFC58E042414F9BBCC3D4C41B869D5627

Notes:

1 DEAT 2 DATE 1330 2 PLAC Executed

Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events:

• FamilySearch ID: 93RN-C7J
• Occupation: ; King of England
• _UID: 8CDCCFBDCE494B7BB7E08AD47E4BC391E3C3
• Crowned: 29 Jan 1327, London, Middlesex, England
• Occupation: 9 Feb 1327, at age 14, after his father was deposed by his mother and her lover Roger Mortimer; Coronation
• MilitaryService: 1340; Battle of Sluys: Edward Present At Battle; French Fleet Destroyed
• MilitaryService: Oct 1346; Battle of Nevilles Cross: Won Captured David II
• Affiliation: 1348, England; The Most Noble Order of the Garter (Founder)

Notes:

Edward III (1312-1377), king of England (1327-1377), who initiated the long, drawn-out struggle with France called the Hundred Years' War. Edward was born at Windsor on November 13, 1312, the elder son of King Edward II, of the house of Plantagenet. Involved by his mother, Isabella of France, in her intrigues against his father, he was proclaimed king after the latter was forced to abdicate in 1327. During Edward's minority, England was nominally ruled by a council of regency, but the actual power was in the hands of Isabella and her paramour, Roger de Mortimer. In 1330, however, the young king staged a palace coup and took the power into his own hands. He had Mortimer hanged and confined his mother to her home. Edward began a series of wars almost directly after he had control of England. Taking advantage of civil war in Scotland in 1333, he invaded the country, defeated the Scots at Halidon Hill, England, and restored Edward de Baliol to the throne of Scotland. Baliol, however, was soon deposed, and later attempts by Edward to establish him permanently as king of Scotland were unsuccessful. In 1337 France came to the aid of Scotland. This action was the culminating point in a series of disagreements between France and England, and Edward declared war on Philip VI of France. In 1340 the English fleet destroyed a larger French fleet off Sluis, the Netherlands. The action resulted in a truce that, although occasionally disturbed, lasted for six years. War broke out again in 1346. Edward, accompanied by his eldest son, Edward the Black Prince, invaded Normandy (Normandie) and won a great victory over France in the Battle of Cr?cy. He captured Calais in 1347, and a truce was reestablished. Edward returned to England, where he maintained one of the most magnificent courts in Europe. The war with France was renewed in 1355, and again the English armies were successful. The Peace of Calais, in 1360, gave England all of Aquitaine, and Edward in return renounced his claim, first made in 1328, to the French throne. Edward continued to assert his will both domestically and abroad. In 1363 he concluded an agreement with his brother-in-law, David II of Scotland, uniting the two kingdoms in the event of David's death without male issue. Three years later Edward repudiated the papacy's feudal supremacy over England, held in fief since 1213. He renewed his war with France, disavowing the Peace of Calais. This time, however, the English armies were unsuccessful. After the truce of 1375, Edward retained few of his previously vast possessions in France. The king had, by this time, become senile. He was completely in the power of an avaricious mistress, Alice Perrers, who, along with his fourth son, John of Gaunt, dominated England. Perrers was banished by Parliament in 1376, and Edward himself died at Sheen (now Richmond) on June 21, 1377. He was succeeded by his grandson, Richard II.

Edward married Queen Philipa De HAINAULT in Oct 1327. Philipa (daughter of Guillaume DE HAINAUT, Comte De Hainaut Et Hollande and Jeanne DE VALOIS, Countess De Hainaut) was born on 24 Jun 1313 in Mons, Hainault, France; died on 15 Aug 1369 in Windsor Castle, Windsor, Berkshire, England; was buried on 24 Aug 1369 in Westminster Abbey, London, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]