Emperor Marcus Antonius Triumvar Of ROME

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• Affiliation: ; Political party: Populares
• Cause of Death: ; Suicide
• FamilySearch ID: LVDH-133
• MilitaryService: 0029 B.C.; committed suicide after defeat at the Battle of Alexandria - again by Octavius
• MilitaryService: 0030 B.C.; defeated by Octavian at the Battle of Actium
• MilitaryService: 46 B.C.; Magister equitum of the Roman Republic under Julius Caesar
• Occupation: 43 B.C.; Consul of the Roman Republic, with Julius Caesar
• _UID: FCC2916EEB664900A3A3CF408B0096461327
• MilitaryService: Between 53 and 0029; Proconsul in the Roman Army

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Antony, Mark (Latin Marcus Antonius) (83?-30 BC), Roman statesman and general, who defeated the assassins of Julius Caesar and, with Gaius Octavius and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, formed the Second Triumvirate, which ultimately secured the end of the Roman Republic. Antony was born in Rome and educated for a short time in Greece. From 58 to 56 BC he served as a leader of cavalry in Roman campaigns in Palestine and Egypt, and from 54 to 50 BC he served in Gaul under Julius Caesar. Subsequently, with Caesar's aid, he attained the offices of quaestor, augur, and tribune of the people. At the outbreak of the civil war between Caesar and the Roman soldier and statesman Pompey the Great, Antony was appointed Caesar's commander in chief in Italy. He commanded the left wing of Caesar's army at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC, and in 44 BC he shared the consulship with Caesar. After the assassination of Caesar in 44 BC, Antony's skillful oratory, immortalized by Shakespeare in the play Julius Caesar, turned the Roman people against the conspirators, leaving Antony for a time with almost absolute power in Rome. A rival soon appeared, however, in the person of Gaius Octavius, later the Roman emperor Augustus, who was grandnephew of Caesar and Caesar's designated heir. A struggle for power broke out when Antony, Octavius, and a third contender for the throne, the Roman general Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, formed the Second Triumvirate and agreed to divide the Roman Empire among themselves. In 42 BC, at Philippi, the triumvirate crushed the forces led by two assassins of Caesar, the Roman statesmen Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus, who sought to restore the Roman Republic. Later in the same year, Antony summoned the Egyptian queen Cleopatra to attend him in the city of Tarsus, in Cilicia (now in Turkey), and explain her refusal to aid the triumvirate in the civil war. Instead of punishing Cleopatra, however, Antony fell in love with her and returned with her to Egypt in 41 BC. In 40 BC he attended meetings of the triumvirate in Italy, at which a new division of the Roman world was arranged, with Antony receiving the eastern portion, from the Adriatic Sea to the Euphrates River; in the same year he attempted to cement his relations with Octavius by marrying the latter's sister Octavia. Nevertheless, Antony soon returned to Egypt and resumed his life with Cleopatra. Octavius made use of this fact to excite the indignation of the Roman people against Antony. When, in 36 BC, Antony was defeated in a military expedition against the Parthians, popular disapproval of his conduct deepened in Rome, and a new civil war became inevitable. In 31 BC the forces of Antony and Cleopatra were decisively defeated by those of Octavius in a naval engagement near Actium. The couple returned to Egypt, deserted by the Egyptian fleet and by most of Antony's own army. In the following year, besieged by the troops of Octavius in Alexandria and deceived by a false report of Cleopatra's suicide, Antony killed himself by falling on his sword.

Family/Spouse: Cleopatra, Queen Of Egypt. Cleopatra (daughter of Ptolemy XII AULETES PHARAOH OF EGYPT and Cleopatra V TRYPHAENA OF EGYPT) was born on Jan 68 B.C. in Alexandria, Ptolemaic Kingdom; died in 10 Aug 0029 B.C. in Alexandria, Egypt. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Marcus married Octavia MAJOR in 40 B.C. in Brundisium, His 3Rd Marriage, Her 2ND. Octavia (daughter of General Gais OCTAVIOUS and Atia BALBUS) was born in 69 B.C.; died in 0011 B.C.. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• Name: Julia Antonia Minor
• _UID: C8D2C28E9B0E4040B401748412DF5DC4D294

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Wikipedia-

Antonia Minor[a] (31 January 36 BC - 1 May AD 37) was the younger of two surviving daughters of Mark Antony and Octavia Minor. She was a niece of the Emperor Augustus, sister-in-law of the Emperor Tiberius, paternal grandmother of the Emperor Caligula and Empress Agrippina the Younger, mother of the Emperor Claudius, and maternal great-grandmother of the Emperor Nero. She outlived her husband Drusus, her oldest son, her daughter and several of her grandchildren.

Biography
Birth and early life
She was born in Athens, Greece, and after 36 BC was taken to Rome by her mother with her siblings. She was the youngest of five: her mother had three children, named Claudia Marcella Major, Claudia Marcella Minor, and Marcus Claudius Marcellus, from her first marriage and another daughter, named Antonia Major by the same father. Antonia never knew her father, Mark Antony, who divorced her mother in 32 BC and committed suicide in 30 BC. She was raised by her mother, her uncle, and her aunt, Livia Drusilla. Having inherited properties in Italy, Greece, and Egypt, she was a wealthy and influential woman, who often received visitors to Rome. She had many male friends, including Alexander the Alabarch, a wealthy Jew, and Lucius Vitellius, a consul and the father of Aulus Vitellius, a future emperor.

Marriage and family
In 16 BC, she married the Roman general and future consul (9 BC) Nero Claudius Drusus. Drusus was the stepson of her uncle Augustus, second son of Livia Drusilla and brother of future Emperor Tiberius. They had many children, but only three survived: the famous general Germanicus, Livilla and the Roman Emperor Claudius.[1] A poem by Crinagoras of Mytilene mentions Antonia's first pregnancy, which may be of a child before Germanicus whom must have died in infancy or early childhood.[1][2][3] Drusus died in June 9 BC in Germany, due to complications from injuries he sustained after falling from a horse. After his death, although pressured by her uncle to remarry, she never did.

Antonia raised her children in Rome. Tiberius adopted Germanicus in AD 4.[4] Germanicus died in 19 AD, allegedly poisoned through the handiwork of Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso and Munatia Plancina. Tacitus suggests but does not outright say in Annals 3.3 that, on the orders of Tiberius and Livia Drusilla, Antonia was forbidden to go to his funeral. When Livia Drusilla died in June 29 AD, Antonia took care of her younger grandchildren Caligula, Agrippina the Younger, Julia Drusilla, Julia Livilla and later Claudia Antonia.

Conflict with Livilla
In 31 AD, a plot by her daughter Livilla and Tiberius' notorious Praetorian prefect, Sejanus, was exposed by Apicata, the estranged ex-wife of Sejanus, to murder the Emperor Tiberius and Caligula and to seize the throne for themselves. Livilla allegedly poisoned her husband, Tiberius' son, Drusus Julius Caesar (nicknamed "Castor"), in 23 AD to remove him as a rival. Sejanus was executed before Livilla was implicated in the crime. After Apicata's accusation, which came in the form of a letter to the emperor, several co-conspirators were executed while Livilla was handed over to her formidable mother for punishment. Cassius Dio states that Antonia imprisoned Livilla in her room until she starved to death.[5]

Succession of Caligula and death
When Tiberius died, Caligula became emperor in March 37 AD. Caligula awarded her a senatorial decree, granting her all the honors that Livia Drusilla had received in her lifetime. She was also offered the title of Augusta, previously only given to Augustus's wife Livia, but rejected it.

Six months into his reign, Caligula became seriously ill. Antonia would often offer Caligula advice, but he once told her, "I can treat anyone exactly as I please!" Caligula was rumored to have had his young cousin Gemellus beheaded, to remove him as a rival to the throne. This act was said to have outraged Antonia, who was grandmother to Gemellus as well as to Caligula.

Having had enough of Caligula's anger at her criticisms and of his behavior, she committed suicide. Suetonius Caligula 23, relates how he might have poisoned her.

When his grandmother Antonia asked for a private interview, he refused it except in the presence of the prefect Macro, and by such indignities and annoyances he caused her death; although some think that he also gave her poison. After she was dead, he paid her no honour, but viewed her burning pyre from his dining-room.

Antonia died on 1 May 37.[6]

When Claudius became emperor after his nephew's assassination in 41 AD, he gave his mother the title of Augusta. Her birthday became a public holiday, which had yearly games and public sacrifices held. An image of her was paraded in a carriage.

Antonia married Nero Claudius Drucus GERMANICUS, Governor of Gaul in 0018 B.C.. Nero (son of Tiberius Claudius NERO, Germanicus and Livia DRUSILLA) was born in 14 Jan 37 B.C. in BC, Roma, Roman Republic; died in 0008 B.C. in BC, Germania, Roman Empire; was buried in Killed In Fall From Horse. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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Germanicus Caesar (15 BC-AD19) Roman general, son of the general Nero Claudius Drusus, and nephew and adopted son of Emperor Tiberius. Germanicus took part in campaigns against the Pannonian, Dalmatian, and Germanic tribes in eastern and northern Europe. In AD12 he was consul, and the following year Emperor Augustus appointed him to command the eight Roman legions on the Rhine. In AD14, on the death of Augustus, the legions mutinied, but Germanicus quelled the insurrection, after which he led the soldiers into battle. He routed the Marsi, a German tribe, and the next year met the German leader Arminius (Hermann), chief of the Cherusci, who in AD 9 had destroyed three Roman legions and driven their general, Publius Quintilius Varus, to suicide. The engagement was indecisive, but in AD 16 Germanicus, at great risk to his own troops, won two victories over Arminius and claimed Germany for Rome. Emperor Tiberius recalled Germanicus to Rome in AD17 because he felt the Germans could most successfully be dealt with through diplomacy. The young general was received with great enthusiasm and honored with a triumph, the traditional celebration for victorious generals. Tiberius then dispatched him to settle a dispute that had arisen in the eastern provinces of Armenia and Parthia. On this mission, Germanicus was stricken with a fatal illness at Antioch. His friends charged that he had been poisoned on orders from Tiberius, who was supposed to have been jealous of his popularity. Germanicus, widely mourned in the provinces and in Rome, was survived by his wife Agrippina and six children. These included Caligula, later emperor, and a daughter, Agrippina the Younger, who became the mother of Emperor Nero.

Family/Spouse: Vipsania Agrippina MAJOR. Vipsania (daughter of Marcus Vipsanius AGRIPPA and Julia MAJOR) was born in 0013 B.C.; died on 18 Oct 33 in Pandateria. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• Cause of Death: ; poisoned by his wife, Agrippina
• FamilySearch ID: L6GQ-6PC
• TitleOfNobility: ; Emperor of Rome
• Name: Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Drusus Nero Germanicus of GAUL
• _UID: E72E9DE551C54ADFBFB67D890A2E6DC5BB35
• TitleOfNobility: Between 24 Jan 41 and 13 Oct 54; Emperor of the Roman Empire - (13 years and 9 months)

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Death 13 Oct 0055.?"The ancient accounts are confused -- as is habitual in the cases of hidden and dubious deaths of emperors -- but their general drift is that Claudius was poisoned with a treated mushroom, that he lingered a while and had to be poisoned a second time." event 1 Jul 0038.?promoted to a suffect consulship"Claudius's fortunes changed somewhat when his unstable nephew, Gaius (Caligula), came to power in the spring of 37 A.D. Gaius, it seems, liked to use his bookish, frail uncle as the butt of cruel jokes and, in keeping with this pattern of behavior, promoted him to a suffect consulship on 1 July 37 A.D. At 46 years of age, it was Claudius's first public office. Despite this sortie into public life, he seemed destined for a relatively quiet and secluded dotage when, in January 41, events overtook him." event 0038?not all as he seemed"His family members mistook these physical debilities as reflective of mental infirmity and generally kept him out of the public eye as an embarrassment. A sign of this familial disdain is that he remained under guardianship, like a woman, even after he had reached the age of majority. Suetonius, in particular, preserves comments of Antonia, his mother, and Livia, his grandmother, which are particularly cruel in their assessment of the boy. From the same source, however, it emerges that Augustus suspected that there was more to this "idiot" than met the eye. Nevertheless, Claudius spent his entire childhood and youth in almost complete seclusion. The normal rites de passage of an imperial prince came and went without official notice, and Claudius received no summons to public office or orders to command troops on the frontiers. When he assumed the toga virilis, for instance, he was carried to the Capitol in a litter at night; the normal procedure was to be led into the Forum by one's father or guardian in full public view. How he spent the voluminous free time of his youth is revealed by his later character: he read voraciously. He became a scholar of considerable ability and composed works on all subjects in the liberal arts, especially history; he was the last person we know of who could read Etruscan. These skills, and the knowledge of governmental institutions he acquired from studying history, were to stand him in good stead when he came to power." birth 0010 B.C. , in August 1, Lugdunum, Gaul.

Tiberius married Julia Agrippina MINOR, II in 49. Julia (daughter of Caeser Germanicus CAESER and Vipsania Agrippina MAJOR) was born on 6 Nov 0015 in Oppidum Ubiorum, Germania, Roman Empire; died on 23 Mar 59 in Naples, Italy, Roman Empire; was buried in 59 in Miseno, Bacoli, Naples, Italy. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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• FamilySearch ID: LK62-7Q8
• Name: Agrippina MINOR "THE YOUNGER"
• _UID: C352E284E38548CF8D7015EC6ED06CDD7FEF
• TitleOfNobility: Between 49 and 54, Roma, Roman Empire; Empress of the Roman Empire

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Agrippina and Claudius married on New Year's Day, 49. This marriage caused widespread disapproval. This was a part of Agrippina's scheming plan to make her son Lucius the new emperor. Her marriage to Claudius was not based on love, but on power. She quickly eliminated her rival Lollia Paulina. Shortly after marrying Claudius, Agrippina persuaded the emperor to charge Paulina with black magic. Claudius stipulated that Paulina did not receive a hearing and her property was confiscated. She left Italy, but Agrippina was unsatisfied. Allegedly on Agrippina's orders, Paulina committed suicide.

In the months leading up to her marriage to Claudius, Agrippina's maternal second cousin, the praetor Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus, was betrothed to Claudius' daughter Claudia Octavia. This betrothal was broken off in 48, when Agrippina, scheming with the consul Lucius Vitellius the Elder, the father of the future emperor Aulus Vitellius, falsely accused Silanus of incest with his sister Junia Calvina. Agrippina did this hoping to secure a marriage between Octavia and her son. Consequently, Claudius broke off the engagement and forced Silanus to resign from public office.

Silanus committed suicide on the day that Agrippina married her uncle, and Calvina was exiled from Italy in early 49. Calvina was called back from exile after the death of Agrippina. Towards the end of 54, Agrippina would order the murder of Silanus' eldest brother Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus without Nero's knowledge, so that he would not seek revenge against her over his brother's death.

On the day that Agrippina married her uncle Claudius as her third husband/his fourth wife, she became empress. She also was a stepmother to Claudia Antonia, Claudius' daughter and only child from his second marriage to Aelia Paetina, and to the young Claudia Octavia and Britannicus, Claudius' children with Valeria Messalina. Agrippina removed or eliminated anyone from the palace or the imperial court who she thought was loyal and dedicated to the memory of the late Messalina. She also eliminated or removed anyone who she considered was a potential threat to her position and the future of her son, one of her victims being Lucius' second paternal aunt and Messalina's mother Domitia Lepida the Younger.

Griffin describes how Agrippina "had achieved this dominant position for her son and herself by a web of political alliances," which included Claudius's chief secretary and bookkeeper Pallas, his doctor Xenophon, and Afranius Burrus, the head of the Praetorian Guard (the imperial bodyguard), who owed his promotion to Agrippina. Neither ancient nor modern historians of Rome have doubted that Agrippina had her eye on securing the throne for Nero from the very day of the marriage? if not earlier. Dio Cassius's observation seems to bear that out: "As soon as Agrippina had come to live in the palace she gained complete control over Claudius."

In 49, Agrippina was seated on a dais at a parade of captives when their leader the Celtic King Caratacus bowed before her with the same homage and gratitude as he accorded the emperor. In 50, Agrippina was granted the honorific title of Augusta. She was only the third Roman woman (Livia Drusilla and Antonia Minor received this title) and only the second living Roman woman (the first being Antonia) to receive this title.

In her capacity as Augusta, Agrippina quickly became a trusted advisor to Claudius. And by AD 54, She exerted a considerable influence over the decisions of the emperor. A statues had been erected in her honor in the in all empire, and in the Senate, her followers were advanced with public offices and governorships. However this privileged position caused resentment among the senatorial class and the imperial family.

Julia married Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero GERMANICUS in 49. Tiberius (son of Nero Claudius Drucus GERMANICUS, Governor of Gaul and Antonia MINOR) was born in 1 Aug 0009 B.C. in Lungudum, Gaul, Roman Empire; died on 13 Oct 54 in Miseno, Bacoli, Naples, Italy; was buried on 13 Aug 54 in Mausoleum Of Augustus, Rome, Roma, Lazio, Italy. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

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Family/Spouse: King Arviragus Gweirydd Of BRITAIN. Arviragus (son of Cynfelyn Of BRITAIN) was born about 0015; died in 74. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]